“双生子元素”镨和钕的发现及其概念的发展  

Discovery of"Twin Elements"Praseodymium and Neodymium and the Development of Their Concepts

作　　者：尚晓烁 袁振东[1] 李猛 SHANG Xiao-Shuo;YUAN Zhen-Dong;LI Meng(School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Henan Normal University,Xinxiang 453007,China)

机构地区：[1]河南师范大学化学化工学院,河南新乡453007

出　　处：《化学教育（中英文）》2024年第22期123-129,共7页Chinese Journal of Chemical Education

基　　金：河南师范大学博士人才科研启动课题(QD2023022)。

摘　　要：在元素发现史上,镨、钕2种元素的发现较为独特,是相伴而生的。1839年,瑞典科学家莫桑德尔在“铈土”(Cerium)中得到了锚土(didymium),提出了存在新元素的假说,但未分离出相应的单质。1882年,布劳纳利用分光镜检验出了分别属于镨和钕的吸收光带。1885年,奥地利化学家卡尔·奥尔斯·韦尔斯拔利用双硝酸盐与铵分馏结晶的方法,从“锚土”中分离出了镨和钕的单质,证实了存在新元素的假说,镨、钕元素的概念基本形成。1972—1976年间,我国化学家徐光宪提出逆流萃取理论,对分离后镨、钕单质纯度的提高做出了突出贡献。至20世纪,随着同位素化学的兴起,镨、钕元素的同位素相继被发现,形成了现代的镨、钕元素概念。总之,镨、钕的发现及其概念的发展是科学思想与科学技术融合发展的结晶。In the history of discovery of elements,praseodymium and neodymium were found to be unique and accompanied by each other.In 1839,Swedish scientist Mosander obtained"didymium"in ceria,and predicted the existence of new elements,but did not isolate corresponding elements.In 1882,Brauner used a spectroscope to test the absorption bands belonging to praseodymium and neodymium respectively.In 1885,the Austrian chemist Karl Orls Wellsbach using the method of double nitrate and ammonium fractionation crystallization,from the"didymium" to separate the praseodymium and neodymium elemental,confirmed the existence of new elements hypothesis,praseodymium and neodymium elements basic formation of the concept.From 1972 to 1976,Chinese chemist Xu Guangxian put forward the Theory of Countercurrent Extraction,which made outstanding contribution to the improvement of the purity of praseodymium and neodymium after separation.In the 20th century,with the rise of isotope chemistry,the isotopes of praseodymium and neodymium were discovered successively,forming the modern concept of praseodymium and neodymium.In short,the discovery of praseodymium and neodymium and the development of their concepts are the crystallization of the integration of scientific thought and technology.

关 键 词：镨钕混合物 镨元素 钕元素 同位素 

分 类 号：O614.33[理学—无机化学]