有机肥替代化肥对小麦生长及土壤养分的影响  

Effect of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer on wheat growth and soil nutrients

作　　者：张东旭[1,2] 胡丹珠 闫金龙 冯丽云 邬志远 李岩华 闫海丽 程永明 张俊灵 ZHANG Dongxu;HU Danzhu;YAN Jinlong;FENG Liyun;WU Zhiyuan;LI Yanhua;YAN Haili;CHENG Yongming;ZHANG Junling(Millet Research Institute of Shanxi Agricultural University,Changzhi 046011,Shanxi,China;Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture(Co-construction by Ministry and Province),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Taigu 030801,Shanxi,China;College of Agriculture,Shanxi Agricul-tural University,Taigu 030801,Shanxi,China;Changzhi Meteorological Bureau,Changzhi 046000,Shanxi,China)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学谷子研究所,山西长治046011 [2]农业农村部有机旱作农业重点实验室(部省共建),山西太谷030801 [3]山西农业大学农学院,山西太谷030801 [4]长治市气象局,山西长治046006

出　　处：《生态学杂志》2024年第11期3383-3393,共11页Chinese Journal of Ecology

基　　金：山西省现代农业产业技术体系建设项目(2022-07);中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2022C015);黄土高原特色作物优质高效生产省部共建协同创新中心项目(SBGJXTZX-12)资助。

摘　　要：为探究氮、磷、钾元素含量相同条件下,采用不同类型及配比有机肥替代化肥对小麦产量、光合速率与土壤养分利用率的影响,于2020年9月—2022年6月在山西农业大学谷子研究所小麦试验基地开展田间定位试验。试验采用裂区设计,主区为有机肥类型,包括生物有机肥(A1)和腐熟羊粪(A2);副区为有机肥替代化肥的5个处理(CK、B25、B50、B75、B100)。结果表明:生物有机肥和腐熟羊粪按25%、50%替代化肥较单施化肥可显著提高小麦灌浆中后期的旗叶净光合速率、叶绿素相对含量、归一化植被指数与养分吸收及利用率;生物有机肥与腐熟羊粪(B25、B50)替代化肥可促进单位面积穗数、穗粒数、千粒重协同发育,使产量显著提高5.5%~23.1%。其中,生物有机肥处理较腐熟羊粪处理平均增产3.4%;经过有机肥替代化肥处理的0~20 cm土层的碱解氮、有效磷与有机质含量较单施化肥显著提高11.3%~50.9%,速效钾(B75、B100)也显著提高11.9%~24.6%;20~40 cm土层除有机质外,其余各养分含量均表现为有机肥替代比例越大含量越高;40~60 cm的土层中仅碱解氮含量提高显著;经过生物有机肥替代化肥处理的0~20 cm土层的碱解氮、有效磷含量较高,而经过腐熟羊粪替代化肥处理的0~40 cm的土层的有机质含量较高;不同处理的小麦产量、光合速率、养分利用率及土壤养分指标的综合分析表明,使用50%生物有机肥替代化肥是本试验中最优处理,可以作为同类型麦田绿色高效生产的一项重要技术模式推广应用。To explore the effects of different types and proportions of organic fertilizers instead of chemical ones on wheat yield,photosynthetic rate and soil nutrient utilization under the same contents of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium,a field positioning experiment was conducted at the wheat experiment base of the Millet Research Insti-tute of Shanxi Agricultural University from September 2020 to June 2022.The experiment adopted a split-plot design.The main plot was organic fertilizer type,including bio-organic fertilizer(A1)and decomposed sheep manure(A2).In the subplots,five treatments(CK,B25,B50,B75,B100)were used to replace chemical fertil-izers with organic ones.The results showed that replacing chemical fertilizer by 25%and 50%of bio-organic fertiliz-er and decomposed sheep manure could significantly improve net photosynthetic rate,chlorophyll relative content,normalized difference vegetation index,and nutrient uptake and utilization rate of flag leaves in the middle and late stages of wheat filling compared with sole application of chemical fertilizer.The bio-organic fertilizer and decomposed sheep manure(B25,B50)instead of chemical fertilizer promoted the synergic development of panicle num-ber and kernel number per spike per unit area and 1000-grain weight,and significantly increased yield by 5.5%-23.1%.The average yield of bio-organic fertilizer treatment was 3.4%higher than that of decomposed sheep ma-nure.The contents of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen,available phosphorus and organic matter in 0-20 cm soil layer treated with organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer were significantly increased by 11.3%-50.9%,and the available potassium(B75,B100)was also significantly increased by 11.9%-24.6%.Except for organic matter,the contents of other nutrients in the 20-40 cm soil layer were higher in treatments with higher the proportion of or-ganic fertilizer replacement.In the 40-60 cm soil layer,only the content of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen increased significantly.The alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and availabl

关 键 词：有机肥替代化肥 小麦生长 光合性状 养分吸收利用 土壤养分 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学] S158