蒙古界分内外与清朝天下秩序的退而未消  

On the Decline of the Order of Tianxia in Qing Dynasty by Dividing Mongolia into Inner and Outer Regions

作　　者：张临希 Zhang Linxi(Compilation&Research Center of the Qing History under the Ministry of Culture and Tourism,Beijing 100080)

机构地区：[1]国家清史编纂委员会暨文旅部清史纂修与研究中心,北京100080

出　　处：《华中师范大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2024年第6期133-143,共11页Journal of Central China Normal University:Humanities and Social Sciences

摘　　要：与17世纪西欧国家划界同步,清朝自顺治五年开始陆续在漠南、漠北之间划定旗界,使内外蒙旗以瀚海为间隔,但就隔离思维、标界方法和管理模式而言,这仍是王朝传统的“边”,而非近代产物的界。对应康、雍、乾地图,外无国界,内无内外蒙古界,并未走出天下秩序所笼罩的疆域模式。清中晚期,随着官方将蒙古分为内外,学者绘制的地图出现国界和内外蒙古界,进而在宣统元年首现版图“秋海棠叶”形象比喻,促使朝廷重视地图所表达的主权边界。但因蒙古方位存在文化偏差,加之内外蒙古界未经测绘,清末民初地图均错置此界,无法准确表示内、外蒙古范围。界线不明确也迫使清末朝廷仍以传统天下模式划分藩部疆界,缺乏对边界的直接掌控,成为俄国渗透外蒙古的内因。以边界为衡量,清朝从传统天下秩序转向近代主权观念并非始于《尼布楚条约》,而是从清晚期开始,至清末也未完成,体现了清朝疆域模式的二重性。In sync with the delimitation of Western European countries in the 17th century,the Qing Dynasty successively delineated boundary between Monan and Mobei starting from the fifth year of Shunzhi,so that the inner and outer Mongolia were separated by the Hanhai Gobi.However,this was still the traditional“boundary”of the dynasty,not the modern product of“border”.Corresponding to the maps of Kangxi,Qianlong,and Yongzheng with no national borders to other countries nor boundaries between Inner and Outer Mongolia within the dynasty,it does not transcend the framework of ambiguous territorial sovereignty.In the middle and late Qing Dynasty,as the government divided Mongolia into inner and outer Mongolia,the maps drawn by scholars showed the national border and the boundary between Inner and Outer Mongolia.Then,in the first year of Xuantong,the metaphor of“Begonia leaf”appeared for the first time,prompting the court to pay attention to the sovereignty boundary represented by the map.However,due to the cultural deviation of Mongolian orientation and the fact that the boundary between Inner and Outer Mongolia had not been surveyed,the maps in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China all misplaced this boundary,and thus could not accurately represent the scope of Inner and Outer Mongolia.The unclear boundary also forced the court in the late Qing Dynasty to divide the boundaries of the vassal states according to the traditional world model.The lack of direct control over the border became the internal cause of Russia’s infiltration into Outer Mongolia.In this sense,the transition in the Qing Dynasty from the traditional world order to the modern concept of sovereignty did not begin with the Treaty of Nerchinsk,but began in the late Qing Dynasty and was not completed until the end of the Qing Dynasty,reflecting the duality of the Qing Dynasty’s territorial model.

关 键 词：天下秩序 主权国家 边疆治理 外蒙古 地图学史 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学] D691[历史地理—中国史]