秦汉罢癃服役问题探析  

An Issue of Corvee about Pilong in the Qin and Han Dynasties

作　　者：郭妙妙 晋文[1] Guo Miaomiao;Jin Wen

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学历史系,南京210097

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2024年第6期5-17,共13页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“秦汉三国简牍经济史料汇编与研究”(批准号:19ZDA196);国家“十四五”发展规划重大学术文化工程《(新编)中国通史》纂修工程(秦汉卷)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：秦汉罢癃包括各类残障男女,男性成年残障人口通过傅籍获得罢癃身份标识的观点并不完全可取。各类残障人口应是在每年八月案比之时通过“占癃”获得罢癃的身份标识。成年残障男性需要到官府登记,并按残疾程度分为“可事”或“不可事”,统计在《罢癃簿》或《笃癃簿》中;前者服轻役或半役,后者免除劳役。秦时罢癃不服兵役或远役,而是“作县道”或“居县”,即在家乡所属地从事杂役事务。对照《堂邑元寿二年要具簿》和长沙东牌楼东汉户籍简等发现,东牌楼户籍简中单独出现的“算卒”确实指“算甲卒”,而与“笃癃”并列的“算卒”应指“笃癃卒”(即“罢癃卒”),征发对象是尚有劳动能力的残障成年男子。罢癃卒可以通过缴纳一定的“罢癃卒钱”代替服役,数额应当是健康成年男性的一半,推测为150钱。从出土文献来看,“复除罢癃算”的数据多存在造假问题,“不可事”罢癃所占比重过高,应是不该被免除赋役的人假借罢癃名义逃避赋役,反映出政策的实际执行样态。"Pilong"((罢癃)included all kinds of disabled men and women in the Qin and Han dynasties.The view that adult disabled men obtained the identity mark of"Pilong"through Fuji(傅籍)is not entirely advisable.The disabled person obtained the identity mark of"Pilong"through"Zhanlong"(占癃)when the government counted household registration in August every year.Adult disabled men needed to Fuji in the government,and they were counted in the Pilong Bu(《罢癃簿》)or Dulong Bu(《笃癃簿》).According to the degree of disability,adult disabled men were classified into"able to do"("可事")or"unable to do"("不可事");The former performed light or half corvee,while the latter were exempted from corvee.Pilong did not perform military service or corvee with long-distance in the Qin Dynasty.They were engaged in trivial matters in the hometown.According to the Tangyi Yuanshou Er-nian Yaoju Bu(《堂邑元寿二年要具簿》)and Changsha DongpailouBamboo Slips(长沙东牌楼简牍),we found that the"Suanzu"(算卒)appeared alone in the Dongpailou household registration slip indeed refers to"Suanjiazu"(算甲卒).Some"Suanzu"(算卒)together with"Dulong"(笃癃)was"Dulongzu"(笃癃卒)or"Pilongzu"(罢癃卒),that recruited adult disabled men who were stil able to work.The"Pilongzu"could be replaced by paying a certain amount of"Pilongzuqian"(罢癃卒钱).The amount should be half of a healthy adult male,which is estimated to be 150 qian.From the unearthed documents,the data of"Fuchu Pilongsuan"(复除罢癃算)are possibly falsified,because the proportion of"unable to do""was too high.It was obvious that people who should not be exempted from corvee are evading corvee by using the name of Pilong,which reflects another truth of national policy in actual implementation.

关 键 词：秦汉 罢癃 罢癃卒 罢癃卒钱 罢癃算 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学] K232[政治法律—中外政治制度]