编户难以齐民:易读性视角下的宣统户口调查  

XuantongCensus from the Perspective of Legibility

作　　者：王玉茹[1] 金靖壹 Wang Yuru;Jin Jingyi

机构地区：[1]南开大学经济学院,天津300071

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2024年第6期31-50,共20页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：用友基金会“商的长城”重点研究项目“近代中国工商业调查的兴起研究与资料整理”(批准号:2022-Z01);天津市2022年度哲学社会科学规划项目“近代天津工商业调查资料整理与文化遗产保护研究”(批准号:TJZL22-002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：宣统户口调查,作为清末立宪运动的重要组成部分,以及中国历史上首次现代人口普查,影响深远但又饱受争议。本文基于詹姆斯·斯科特的易读性理论,构建了一个从宏观到微观的统一分析框架,将清廷、地方官员、绅董以及民众纳入其中,剖析了各主体不同行为模式的原因及其影响。研究发现,宣统户口调查在新旧杂糅的调查章程、依限汇报的考核标准、层层下移的经费负担、官督绅办的调查系统的共同影响下,导致了清廷放权、官员避责、绅董谋私以及民众反抗。从调查结果来看,清廷在全国层面所获人口信息在数量和质量上均体现了明显的残缺性,而在巡警制度相对完备的京师和部分省会获取的人口信息则较为丰富和精细,一定程度上实现了清晰化和简单化。The Xuantong census,as an important part of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty and the first census in Chinese history,has far-reaching influence but is also controversial.Based on James Scott's"legibility"theory,this paper constructs a unified analytical framework from macro to micro,incorporating the Qing court,local officials,gentry and the civilian,and analyzes the reasons and influences of different behavioral patterns during the survey process.The study found that during the Xuantong census,under the influence of the traditional and modern survey law,the time-limited assessment criteria,the constantly shifted survey funding costs,and the supervised by officials and handled by gentlemen survey system,led to the Qing court delegating power,officials evading responsibility,gentry and gentry seeking personal gain,and public resistance.From the results,the national population information obtained by the Qing court showed incomplete characteristics in both quantity and quality,while in the relatively complete police system of the capital and some provincial capitals,richer and more refined population information was obtained,achieving a certain degree of clarity and simplification.

关 键 词：清末新政 易读性 人口普查 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学] C924.2[政治法律—中外政治制度] K252[社会学—人口学]