海洋藻类活性代谢产物的药用潜力  

Medicinal potential of active metabolites of marine algae

作　　者：李秋萌 曹程 蔡中华 周进 LI Qiumeng;CAO Cheng;CAI Zhonghua;ZHOU Jin(Institute for Ocean Engineering,Shenzhen International Graduate School,Tsinghua University,Shenzhen 518055,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学深圳国际研究生院,海洋工程研究院,深圳518055

出　　处：《应用与环境生物学报》2024年第5期1031-1043,共13页Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41976126);深圳市科技计划(KCXFZ20230731093402005,RCJC20200714114433069,SGDX20220530111204028)资助。

摘　　要：新型化学合成类药物被广泛应用于疾病的防控与治疗,但这些药物往往存在安全性和窄谱性的局限.海洋中则存在多样化的生物和天然产物资源.在众多海洋活性产物中,藻类是最具代表性的一类,它们是活跃的光合生物,代谢产物丰富,因具有生物多样性、产物结构多样性以及活性产物功能多样性,成为近年来的研究热点.以近20年的文献为基础,首先,归纳了藻类天然产物的信息及代表性产物(多糖)的提取方法(热水提取、酸碱提取、酶学方法、微波法等).其次,总结了现有的主流活性化合物特征,包括多糖、蛋白、脂类、小分子化合物等,并关注了它们在抗炎、抗氧化以及抗病毒中的作用与机制.随后,发现在各种大型藻类和微型藻类中,例如红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)、小球藻(Chlorella sp.)、浒苔(Ulva sp.)、螺旋藻(Spirulina sp.)等,均具有产活性化合物的能力,如虾青素、岩藻黄素、硫多糖、鼠李糖、木糖、岩藻糖等,具有抗病毒、抗真菌、抗细菌和抗癌活性.最后,结合现状提出了在未来藻类提取物药用价值研究中应关注的重点:一方面是开发更多提取方式及基团修饰技术,以提升藻类天然产物的功效;另一方面需要加强临床数据来确定藻类多糖和其他代谢物在病毒、细菌和真菌抑制和治疗中的实际有效性.(图3表2参158)In recent decades,chemically synthesized drugs have been widely used to prevent,control,and treat diseases.However,these drugs are often associated with safety issues and have a narrow-spectrum.Many natural product resources,including those from marine sources,may have therapeutic effects.Among active ocean resources,algae are the most representative group,as these active photosynthetic organisms are rich in metabolites.Because of their high biodiversity,structural diversity,and functional diversity of active products,algae have been widely studied to explore their potential for future drug development.Based on literature from the last 20 years,we summarize studies and extraction methods of algal natural products.Using microalgae and macroalgae as examples,we review the characteristics of the main active compounds(polysaccharides,proteins,lipids,and small molecule compounds,etc.),particularly their roles and mechanisms in antiinflammatory,antioxidant,and antiviral activities.Various macroalgae and microalgae,such as Haematococcus.Pluvialis,Chlorella,Ulva,and Spirulina,can produce active compounds including astaxanthin,fucoxanthin,and sulfur polysaccharides,mainly galactose,rhamnose,xylose,and fucose.These compounds exhibit various effects,such as antiviral,antifungal,antibacterial,and anti-cancer activities.Finally,we comment on the medicinal value of marine algal compounds,future prospects,and potential research directions.Research on the medicinal value of algal extracts should focus on the development of additional extraction methods and multiple group modification techniques to enhance the efficacy of algal natural products.Clinical studies are also needed to determine the efficacy of algal polysaccharides and other metabolites for the inhibition and treatment of diseases caused by viruses,bacteria,and fungi.

关 键 词：藻类 天然产物 多糖 抗病原菌 医用价值 

分 类 号：R284[医药卫生—中药学] TQ28[医药卫生—中医学]