果园非点源污染精细化管控与生态防控技术研究进展  

Technical progress in fine control and ecological prevention of non-point source pollution in orchards

作　　者：熊丽君[1] 殷硕 王敏[1] 吴建强[1] 王秀敏[2] 李璇[2] 王哲 张睿 XIONG Lijun;YIN Shuo;WANG Min;WU Jianqiang;WANG Xiumin;LI Xuan;WANG Zhe;ZHANG Rui(Shanghai Institute of Environmental Science,Shanghai 200233,China;Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center,Shanghai 201103,China;College of Life Sciences,College of Life Sciences,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai 201418,China;Inholland University of Applied Sciences,Delft 2628AL,Netherlands)

机构地区：[1]上海市环境科学研究院,上海200233 [2]上海市农业技术推广服务中心,上海201103 [3]上海师范大学生命科学学院,上海201418 [4]荷兰应用科技大学,代尔夫特2628AL

出　　处：《应用与环境生物学报》2024年第5期1044-1054,共11页Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology

基　　金：上海市科技兴农项目(2022-02-08-00-12-F01095)资助。

摘　　要：果园的施肥强度总体高于农田,降雨时水土及氮磷养分流失严重,其生态防控系统研究尚在起步阶段.分析果园非点源污染精细化管控与生态防控技术进展有利于科学防控果园非点源污染,为改善果园周边水环境质量提供借鉴.基于国内外研究进展,总结果园非点源污染的精细化管控、地表覆被防控和多级生态拦截技术,剖析存在不足.现有研究结果表明,化肥减量技术可节肥15%-40%,农药减量技术可提高虫害平均防效2.6%-5.2%;果园智能管理技术可节水65.0%-96.9%,降低成本48.5%-79.0%;坡改梯后土壤全氮和全磷含量提升41.7%-223.4%和28.7%-77.6%,径流和泥沙减少41.2%-73.0%和69.0%-99.7%,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)拦截65.5%-80.7%.林下种植三叶草和黑麦草对非点源污染控制效果相对较好,径流、TN和TP截留效果分别为0.7%-27.0%、13.3%-48.1%和24.1%-81.8%,人工生草优于天然生草.单个截留技术的悬浮物(SS)、化学需氧量(COD)、TN和TP去除率分别为45.4%-73.2%、21.6%-52.9%、11.5%-85.3%和4.0%-79.3%,某多级生态拦截技术降低果园径流TN、TP和氨氮浓度分别为58%、28%和89%.未来有待探明肥料和农药对周边环境的长期影响,研发精度高、抗干扰能力强的果园智能管理技术;明晰林下生草养分竞争与非点源污染截留、果树病虫害防治的响应关系;研究水文、环境、生态等因子对果园非点源污染削减的协同影响,优化基于水环境功能目标的多级生态防控体系,从而减少果园非点源污染全生命周期流失,为周边水环境质量改善提供技术保障.(图2表3参95)The overall fertilization intensity in orchards is higher than that in farmlands.During rainfall,soil nitrogen and phosphorus are severely depleted,and research on ecological prevention and control systems is still in its early stages.Analysis of ecological technologies for the prevention and control of non-point source pollution in orchards can provide a reference for improving the quality of the surrounding water environment.Based on research results at home and abroad,we summarize technologies used in refined management for planting,cover prevention for protecting surface soil,and multi-level ecological interception to control nonpoint source pollution in orchards;unmet needs in current research are also discussed.Fertilizer reduction technologies reduced fertilizer usage by 15%-40%,and pesticide reduction technologies improved pest control by 2.6%-5.2%.Intelligent management technologies for orchards reduced water use by 65.0%-96.9% and reduced costs by 48.5%-79.0%.After converting sloping land into terraced fields,the total nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the soil were increased by 41.7%-223.4% and 28.7%-77.6% and runoff and sediment decreased by 41.2%-73.0% and 69.0%-99.7%,respectively;the interception of total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP)was 65.5%-80.7%.Planting grasses under fruit trees effectively controlled non-point source pollution.The interception effects of runoff,TN,and TP were 0.7%-27.0%,13.3%-48.1%,and 24.1%-81.8%,respectively.Artificial grasses performed better than natural grasses.The removal rates of suspended solids,chemical oxygen demand,TN,and TP of a single interception technology were 45.4%-73.2%,21.6%-52.9%,11.5%-85.3%,and 4.0%-79.3%,respectively.Certain multilevel ecological interception technologies reduced the concentrations of TN,TP,and ammonia nitrogen in orchard runoff by 58%,28%,and 89%,respectively.Further studies are needed to explore the long-term impact of fertilizers and pesticides in orchards on the surrounding environment and develop intelligent management techn

关 键 词：果园 非点源污染 精细化管控 林下生草 多级生态拦截 

分 类 号：X52[环境科学与工程—环境工程]