英美外交官视角下的土耳其选举政治与宗教复兴(1950—1960)  

The Turkish Electoral Politics and Religious Revival from the Anglo-American Diplomats'Perspectives(1950-1960)

作　　者：李秉忠[1] Li Bingzhong

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2024年第5期111-129,178,共20页World History

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“黑海通史研究”(项目编号:22JZD037)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：土耳其在凯末尔时代实行严格的世俗主义政策,向多党制转变后却逐渐对宗教开始让步。民主政治对于选票的需求,与伊斯兰力量借助选举政治复兴宗教的需求共生共存。在土耳其民主党任期内,伊斯兰教已在公共生活和政治生活中发挥组织性作用。英美外交官对此有着细致的观察,其立场经历了从关注到担忧的转变,其认知和判断基本符合土耳其的发展状况。1950-1954年,英美外交官密切关注伊斯兰教复兴的各种迹象及其与选举政治的潜在联系。1955-1960年,伊斯兰教复兴引发了英美外交官的高度警觉,他们开始讨论土耳其发展道路对世俗主义的背离程度,以及伊斯兰教的出路和改革问题。民主党十年任期内的宗教复兴,在性质上属于具有土耳其特点的政治伊斯兰,对土耳其政治发展道路产生了深远影响。尽管英美外交官并未清晰认识到这一点,但其观察与认知促使西方国家在土耳其1960年军事政变中采取了乐见其成的立场,表明了西方对土耳其内政的熟悉程度以及对其内政进行干涉的态度。In the era of Kemal Ataturk,Turkey implemented a strict policy of laicism,however,it gradually began to compromise with the religion after its shift to a multi-party system in the 1950s.The need for votes in democratic electoral politics coexisted with the need for the Islamic forces to revitalise the religion through the electoral politics.During the terms of the Democrat Party of Turkey,Islam has played an organisational role in the public and political life,which was meticulously observed by the British and American diplomats.Their position shifted from concern to worry and their perceptions and judgements generally complied with Turkey's developments.In 1950-1954,the British and American diplomats paid close attention to the signs of the Islamic revival and its potential links with the electoral politics.In 1955-1960,the resurgence of Islam aroused strong vigilance among the British and American diplomats who began to discuss the extent to which Turkey's development path has departed from laicism and the issues concerning the direction and reform of Islam.The revival of religion during the ten-year term of the Democrat Party of Turkey,which was a political Islam with the Turkish characteristics in nature,exerted a profound impact on Turkey's political development.Although the British and American diplomats did not recognise such situation,their observations and perceptions promoted the West to adopt a favourable position in 1960 military coup of Turkey,demonstrating the familiarity of the West with Turkey's internal affairs,as well as its attitude toward interfering with them.

关 键 词：英美外交官 土耳其民主党 宗教复兴 选举政治 曼德勒斯 

分 类 号：K561.5[历史地理—历史学] K712.54[历史地理—世界史] K374.5[哲学宗教—宗教学] B911[政治法律—政治学] D737.4[政治法律—中外政治制度]