从“古罗斯”到“中世纪罗斯”:俄国中世纪研究的史学建构  

From‘Ancient Rus'to‘Medieval Rus':The Historiographical Construction in the Study of Medieval Russia

作　　者：周厚琴 Zhou Houqin

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2024年第5期130-144,179,共16页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目《17世纪俄国社会危机治理研究》(项目编号:23BSS024);教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“黑海通史研究”(项目编号:22JZD037)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“古罗斯”和“中世纪罗斯”的术语在中世纪俄国史的研究中经常混用,但往往指代不明。“中世纪罗斯”的术语伴随19世纪帝俄关于俄国封建主义的讨论而产生,并逐渐在苏联史学话语中稳定下来。苏联解体后,俄罗斯、白俄罗斯、乌克兰纷纷在民族国家叙事下挖掘罗斯的“历史遗产”,各自创办了诸多中世纪研究刊物,强调书写“自己国家的中世纪史”。东欧学者对待这种学术繁荣的态度喜忧参半,称之为“中世纪动员”现象和东斯拉夫中世纪研究的“大分裂”。“全球中世纪”国际项目的罗斯研究则提供了一种新视野,旨在“更广阔的欧洲”范畴下认识“中世纪罗斯”。美国学者克里斯蒂安·拉芬斯伯格的《重构欧洲:中世纪世界的基辅罗斯(988-1146)》等著作,引发了欧美学者和俄罗斯学者对“中世纪罗斯”和“俄国中世纪”研究的广泛讨论和重新建构。全球史视域下的“中世纪罗斯”研究,既有利于塑造中世纪东斯拉夫世界内在联系的整体性,亦可展现其外在互动的多元性。但“中世纪罗斯”时间界定的断裂性和空间范畴的统一性之间的矛盾,9-17世纪的罗斯/俄国在中世纪世界的角色与位置,仍是需要进一步探讨的问题。The terms of‘Ancient Rus'and‘Medieval Rus'are often used interchangeably in the study of medieval Russian history,while they frequently lack clarity in their reference.The term of Medieval Rus'emerged alongside discussions of the Russian feudalism in the 19thcentury and gradually stabilised within the Soviet historiographical discourse.Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union,Russia,Belarus,and Ukraine have excavated the‘historical legacy'of Rus respectively under the narrative of national statehood,establishing numerous medieval studies publications and emphasising the writing of‘the medieval history of their own country'.Scholars of Eastern Europe expressed their mixed feelings about that academic prosperity,referring to it as the phenomenon of‘medieval mobilisation'and‘great schism'in the study of medieval history of Eastern Slav.The international project of‘Global Middle Ages'relating to the Rus studies offers a new perspective,aiming at understanding‘Medieval Rus'within the broader context of Europe.For instance,the work of an American scholar Christian Raffensperger,Reimagining Europe:Kievan Rus in the Medieval World(988-1146),has sparked extensive discussions and re-constructions among scholars in Europe,America,and Russia regarding the studies of‘Medieval Rus'and Medieval Russia'.The study of‘Medieval Rus'in the perspective of the global history is conducive to shaping the integrity of the internal connections of the medieval East Slavic world and can also demonstrate the diversity of its external interactions.However,it still remains to make further exploration about the contraction between the discontinuity of the temporal definition of‘Medieval Rus'and the unity of its spatial scope,as well as the role and position of Rus/Russia from the 9^(th) to the 17^(th) centuries in the medieval world.

关 键 词：古罗斯 中世纪罗斯 俄国中世纪 全球中世纪 史学构建 

分 类 号：K512.3[历史地理—历史学] K095.12[历史地理—世界史]