二战后美国的“城市危机”:一个概念的生成、阐释与应用  

‘Urban Crisis'in Postwar America:The Making,Interpretation and Application of a Concept

作　　者：李文硕[1,2] Li Wenshuo

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学世界史系 [2]上海师范大学教育部重点基地都市文化研究中心

出　　处：《世界历史》2024年第5期145-158,179,180,共16页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“多卷本《西方城市史》”(项目编号:17ZDA139)的阶段性成果;上海市高水平地方大学创新团队“文化转型与现代中国”的资助

摘　　要：概念是社会和政治经验与意义的沉淀,有助于观察和解释特定的社会和政治状况。城市危机概念产生于20世纪50年代的美国,旨在描述企业和人口离开中心城市以及由此带来的种种社会问题,60年代后种族成为这一概念的核心要素。概念的阐释影响着概念的使用。50年代和60年代前期,城市危机概念被用于说服美国联邦政府更多地干预城市事务,60年代中期以后成为保守主义用来抨击新政自由主义的理论和话语工具,从否定政府干预的价值到指责干预是危机产生的重要原因,继而从道德立场谴责自由主义。无论概念与现实之间有多少差距,“城市危机”已成为理解二战后美国中心城市的核心概念和标识性话语,每当中心城市经济萧条或社会动荡,这个概念就会被赋予新的解读。Concepts are deposits of social and political experience and meaning that help to observe and explain specific social and political situations.Originating in the U.S.in the 1950s,the concept of urban crisis was initially used to describe the decentralisation of enterprises and population and consequent social problems.After the 196Os,the race became the core element of the concept.The interpretation affected its usage.In the 1950s and early 1960s,the concept was taken to persuade the American federal government to intervene more in urban affairs.After the mid-1960s,this concept became a theoretical and discourse tool for the conservatism attacking New Deal liberalism,from denying the value of government intervention to accusing such intervention as the important cause of the crisis,and then condemning liberalism from a moral standpoint.No matter how much the gap between concept and reality,‘urban crisis'has become a core concept and an iconic discourse for understanding the postwar American central cities.The concept was endowed with new interpretation when the central cities underwent economic depressions or social unrest.

关 键 词：美国城市危机 中心城市 种族问题 新政自由主义 保守主义 

分 类 号：K712.54[历史地理—历史学] D771.2[历史地理—世界史]