《美墨加协定》中的劳工快速反应机制——执行机制的变革与局限  

The Rapid Labor Response Mechanism in the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement:The reform and limitation of the implementation mechanism

作　　者：范书江 朱京安[1] FAN Shujiang;ZHU Jingan

机构地区：[1]南开大学法学院

出　　处：《新经济》2024年第11期85-95,共11页New Economy

摘　　要：研究立足于介绍、解析国际社会在劳工承诺执行争端上的最新执行工具。传统贸易争端解决机制在执行非关税壁垒承诺时存在若干缺陷,致使劳工承诺的现实效力受限。受经贸博弈的外部影响,以及经验教训的内生驱动,变革后的《美墨加协定》推出了创新的劳工快速反应机制。该机制把执行重点集中在如何直接加强生产部门对劳工承诺的遵守。劳工快速反应机制在很大程度上克服了传统执行机制在有效性方面的不足,但也产生了深刻的合法性担忧。该机制未按照国际劳工组织主张的协商方式确定劳工标准,同时还存在欠缺透明度和正当程序问题,以及过度或不合理的主权妥协问题。这很可能会损害执行机制运行的稳定性,以及广泛应用的包容性。为此,贸易协定应当赋予缔约国各方自主适用劳工权利的选择权,防止劳工标准的单边性和单边执法权力扩张。The research is based on the introduction and analysis of the latest enforcement tools of the international community on the dispute over the implementation of labor commitments.The traditional trade dispute settlement mechanism has some defects in the implementation of non-tariff barrier commitments,which limits the practical effectiveness of labor commitments.Under the external influence of the economic and trade game,and the internal drive of the experience and lessons,the post-change United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement has launched an innovative Rapid Response Labor Mechanism.The mechanism focuses its implementation on ways to directly strengthen compliance with Labour commitments in the productive sector.The Rapid Response Labor Mechanism has largely overcome the defects of the traditional implementation mechanism in terms of effectiveness,but it has also generated profound legitimacy concerns.The mechanism does not determine labor standards in accordance with the consultation method advocated by the International Labor Organization,and there are also problems of lack of transparency and due process,as well as excessive or unreasonable sovereign compromises.This is likely to damage the stability of the operation of the executive mechanism and the inclusiveness of wide application.To this end,the trade agreement should give each party the option to apply labor rights autonomously,preventing the unilateral nature of labor standards and the expansion of unilateral enforcement powers.

关 键 词：国家间行动 争端解决程序 劳工快速反应机制 国际劳工标准 

分 类 号：F117[经济管理—国际贸易]