旱、渍胁迫对夏玉米根冠比及籽粒灌浆源库关系的影响  

Effects of drought and waterlogging stress on root-shoot ratio and source-sink relationship of grain filling of summer maize

作　　者：赵花荣[1,2,3] 张玲 齐月 杨超[5] 胡丽丽[5] ZHAO Hua-Rong;ZHANG Ling;QI Yue;YANG Chao;HU Li-Li(Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science,Beijing 100081,China;Institute of Arid Meteorology of China Meteolological Administration(CMA)/Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster/Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of CMA,Lanzhou 730020,China;Hebei Gucheng Agricultural Meteorology National Observation and Research Station,Baoding 072656,China;Gansu meteorological Information and Technical Equip Safeguard Center,Lanzhou 730020,China;Baoding Meteorological Bureau of Hebei Province,Baoding 071000,China)

机构地区：[1]中国气象科学研究院,北京100081 [2]中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所/甘肃省干旱气候变化与减灾重点实验室/中国气象局干旱气候变化与减灾重点实验室,兰州730020 [3]河北固城农业气象国家野外科学观测研究站,保定072656 [4]甘肃省气象信息与装备保障中心,兰州730020 [5]河北省保定市气象局,保定071000

出　　处：《气候变化研究进展》2024年第6期782-798,共17页Climate Change Research

基　　金：干旱气象科学研究基金项目(IAM202315);国家自然科学基金项目(42071402);农业气象保障与应用技术开放研究基金项目(AMF202007)。

摘　　要：利用河北固城站电动防雨棚,遮去自然降水,人工控制灌水形成土壤渍水、高湿、干旱和对照,夏玉米开花后通过测定籽粒灌浆进程和地上生物量以及产量构成要素、根冠结构和根冠比等,探究不受阴雨和低温胁迫影响下的土壤旱、渍胁迫对夏玉米籽粒灌浆及产量形成的影响。分析夏玉米籽粒灌浆干物质的源库关系,结果表明:夏玉米籽粒灌浆对旱、渍胁迫的响应不同,渍水时灌浆持续日数延长,较对照延长7~8 d,重旱时缩短,较对照缩短5~6 d;对于平均灌浆速率,高湿最大,较对照偏大9.19%~9.85%,重旱最小,较对照偏小24.80%~25.26%,中度旱次小,较对照偏小6.89%~7.45%。旱、渍胁迫对夏玉米产量形成都有负效应:渍水、高湿减产率为1.83%~8.43%,干旱处理减产率为32.73%~81.96%,重旱近乎绝收,干旱危害程度比渍水、高湿影响大得多。旱、渍胁迫对夏玉米灌浆期穗位叶光合生理特性的影响不同,净光合速率(Pn)渍水比对照偏高0.91%~9.10%,高湿比对照偏低1.75%~9.13%;干旱比对照显著偏低,中度旱偏低55.76%~59.08%,重旱偏低92.16%~92.75%。夏玉米籽粒灌浆的干物质主要来源于灌浆期绿叶等光合作用形成的光合产物,成熟期地上干物质籽粒分配率减少,收获期秸秆存量大,导致收获指数降低。干旱胁迫刺激、诱导玉米根系增生须根,须根重增加显著,导致其根冠比提高,尤其重旱较渍水、高湿和对照提高近10倍以上,揭示出玉米根系尤其须根系对土壤水分逆境胁迫的应急响应生理调节机制和适应逆境条件的生存机理。实际生产管理中可利用土壤干湿交替变化刺激、诱发根系生长发育,提升优化根冠结构。研究结果为评估旱、涝灾害对北方旱区农作物生长发育和产量形成的影响提供数据支撑和参考。By using the electric rainproof shed at Gucheng station in Hebei province,natural precipitation is covered and irrigation is artificially controlled to form soil waterlogging,high humidity,drought and control.After summer maize flowering,the grain filling process,above-ground biomass,yield components,root-shoot structure and root-shoot ratio are measured.To explore the effects of soil drought and waterlogging stress on grain filling and yield formation of summer maize without the influence of rain and low-temperature stress.Analyze the source-sink relationship of dry matter in summer maize grain filling.The results show that the response of grain filling of summer maize to drought and waterlogging stress are different.The duration of filling days are longer under waterlogging(7-8 d longer than control)and shorter under severe drought(5-6 d shorter than control).For average grain filling rate,they are 9.19%-9.85%higher than control for high humidity,24.80%-25.26%lower than control for severe drought,and 6.89%-7.45%lower than control for moderate drought.The dry matter of summer maize grain filling mainly comes from the photosynthetic products formed by photosynthesis such as green leaves at the filling stage,while the dry matter accumulated in the vegetative growth stage is less transported and accumulated in the grain.Previous studies failed to clearly reveal the source-sink matching relationship of corn grain filling.The plants of summer maize are still green leafy living stems from maturity to harvest,and the photosynthetic capacity is also strong, and the straw stock is large during harvest, which leads to decrease in harvest index. The transfer volume and contribution rate of different vegetative organs on the above-ground of summer maize plants to grain filling are tested and analyzed. It was found that the contribution rate of different vegetative organs under drought and water stress is higher than control, but the economic yield is reduced, which indicated that the transfer volume and contribution rate of

关 键 词：夏玉米 根冠比 灌浆速率 渍水 干旱 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S42