玉米耐低氮胁迫响应研究进展  

Research Advances in Response of Maize to Low Nitrogen Stress

作　　者：彭超颖 霍川 杨梅 冯云超[1,2] 向振凡 羊炼 黄美瑕 晏庆九 霍仕平 PENG Chaoying;HUO Chuan;YANG Mei;FENG Yunchao;XIANG Zhenfan;YANG Lian;HUANG Meixia;YAN Qingjiu;HUO Shiping(Chongqing Three Gorges Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Wanzhou,Chongqing 404155;Chongqing Three Gorges University,Wanzhou,Chongqing 404100;Ziyang Service Center of Modern Agriculture,Ziyang,Sichuan 641400)

机构地区：[1]重庆三峡农业科学院,重庆万州404155 [2]重庆三峡学院,重庆万州404100 [3]四川省资阳市现代农业服务中心,四川资阳641400

出　　处：《中国农学通报》2024年第32期1-9,共9页Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin

基　　金：重庆市科技攻关计划项目“肥高效利用和镉低积累玉米种质创制与应用”(CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0006),“宜机优质饲用玉米种质培育与应用”(CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0007);重庆市科企联合体项目“优质玉米资源收集利用与基因型试验示范”(2021-2025)。

摘　　要：为给鉴定筛选耐低氮的玉米品种提供理论依据、鉴定方法和选择指标,总结了国内外近20 a关于低氮胁迫对玉米生长发育的影响、玉米耐低氮的物质基础和耐低氮品种选择的研究报道。发现低氮胁迫严重影响玉米根系、植株的生长发育及籽粒产量,但不同基因型玉米在形态特征、生理生化特性、氮素利用效率和产量上表现出较大差异。低氮胁迫下,耐低氮基因型玉米根系生长良好、根冠比大、根系活力强,株高、茎粗变化小,穗位叶面积大,根分泌物中可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和氨基酸含量及穗位叶叶绿素和氮的含量较高,细胞中硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性较强,且果穗较大,穗粒数较多,百粒重较高,能够获得较高的籽粒产量。认为玉米在低氮胁迫下,从形态特征、生理生化特性、产量及相关农艺性状等多个层面进行综合考量,可进一步完善耐低氮玉米基因型的鉴定筛选指标,随着分子生物学技术和DNA芯片技术的发展,以及玉米QTL精细定位研究的深入,分子鉴定技术如用于玉米耐低氮基因型的筛选,鉴定筛选效率将会大大提高。In order to provide theoretical basis,identification method and selection index for the identification and screening of low nitrogen tolerant maize varieties,the research reports on the influence of low nitrogen stress on maize growth and development,the material basis of low nitrogen tolerance and the selection of low nitrogen tolerant varieties in maize at home and abroad in the past 20 years were summarized.It was found that low nitrogen stress seriously affected the growth and development of maize roots and plants,and grain yield.However,different genotypes of maize showed great differences in morphological characteristics,physiological and biochemical characteristics,nitrogen utilization efficiency,and grain yield.Under low nitrogen stress,the low nitrogen tolerant genotype showed that the root system grew well,root-shoot ratio was larger,the root system vigor was stronger.Meanwhile,the changes in plant height and stem thickness were not obvious,while the ear leaf area was larger.It was higher for the content of soluble protein,soluble sugar,and amino acids in its root secretions as well as the contents of chlorophyll and nitrogen in ear leaf.Nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activity were stronger in the cells,and the ear was larger,grains per ear were much and 100-grain weight was higher,these genotypes could obtain the high grain yield.It was considered that under low nitrogen stress,the biomass of roots and plants was high,the root-shoot ratio and ear leaf area were large,the content of soluble protein and soluble sugar in root exudates,the content of chlorophyll and nitrogen in ear leaves were high,the activity of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in cells was strong,the number of grains per ear was large,and the weight of 100 grains and the weight of grains per ear were high.The above information could be used as important indicators for selecting low nitrogen tolerant maize genotypes.

关 键 词：玉米 基因型 氮胁迫 形态性状 生理生化特性 选择指标 

分 类 号：S513.035.3[农业科学—作物学]