论医疗数据的权属配置 ——基于公共信托理论的视角  

On ownership allocation of medical data:Based on the perspective of public trust theory

作　　者：张步峰[1] 栗博 ZHANG Bufeng;LI Bo(Law School,Minzu University of China,Beijing 100089,China)

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学法学院,北京100089

出　　处：《重庆邮电大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第6期77-88,共12页Journal of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目:“行刑”衔接视野下的企业合规研究(22AFX013)。

摘　　要：医疗数据作为典型的公共数据资源,不愿利用、不敢利用、不知利用的现象成为制约医疗行业数字化和医疗数据科学发展的主要瓶颈,由此引发的“反公地悲剧”危机广泛存在于各地医疗机构以及卫生行政机关之中。当前,医疗数据权属存在的法律争议主要集中在两个方面,包括法律规范的不完善和数据权属的不明确。因此,有必要借鉴“公共信托理论”的观点,用以回应医疗数据的权属争议,在以公民和国家为法律主体的公共信托关系中,合理配置双方的权利义务关系,平衡医疗数据之上的个人利益和公共利益,从而解决医疗数据开发利用权属不清的问题。在公共信托理论下,政府在医疗数据收集、保管和开发利用阶段,承担不同的公共服务责任,从而保障公民数据权利的实现。为了有效监督政府信托义务,需要引入外部监督来保护公共信托权益不受侵犯。通过建构个人信息保护的行政公益诉讼制度、适当扩展行政诉讼受案范围、健全行政复议制度和行政内部举报机制等方式,有助于完善公共信托权益的行政救济制度,促进医疗数据资源在法治轨道下被有效开发和利用。As a typical public data resource,issues of unwillingness,fear,and lack of knowledge in utilizing medical data have become primary bottlenecks in the digital transformation of healthcare and medical data science.This has led to a“anti-commons tragedy”in healthcare institutions and administrative agencies.Current legal disputes over the ownership of medical data mainly center on two issues:inadequate legal regulations and unclear data ownership.To address these issues,the application of the“public trust theory”provides a useful framework to respond to these ownership disputes.By establishing a public trust relationship where citizens and the state are legal entities,this approach helps clarify rights and responsibilities and balance individual and public interests in medical data,thereby clarifying data development and usage rights.Under the public trust theory,the government assumes varying levels of public service responsibilities during the collection,storage,and utilization stages of medical data,ensuring the realization of citizens’data rights.To effectively monitor the government’s trust obligations,external oversight is necessary to protect public trust interests from infringement.Establishing an administrative public interest litigation system for personal information protection,expanding the scope of administrative litigation,and strengthening the administrative review and internal reporting mechanisms can improve the administrative remedies for public trust interests,facilitating the effective development and utilization of medical data resources under a rule-of-law framework.

关 键 词：公共数据 医疗数据 反公地悲剧 公共信托理论 

分 类 号：D922.181[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]