《洛神赋图》中的双鱼神兽考辨  

A study of the twin fish creature in Nymph of the Luo River

作　　者：潘飚 纪华传[2] PAN Biao;JI Huachuan(School of Philosophy,University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 102488,China;Institute of World Religions,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100732,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学哲学院,北京102488 [2]中国社会科学院世界宗教研究所,北京100732

出　　处：《丝绸》2024年第12期137-143,共7页Journal of Silk

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(21CZJ013);中国社会科学院创新工程“学者资助计划”项目(XJ202202)。

摘　　要：“摩竭”作为佛教异兽,随着印度佛教的东传而传入中国,长久以来摩竭纹学术界将《洛神赋图》中的双鱼神兽当成文鱼,并认为这两只文鱼的形象其实就是摩竭。但不管是从文献考察的进路,还是从图像考察的进路来看,摩竭与双鱼神兽都绝非同一物种。同时,双鱼神兽也与“文鱼”的形象存在巨大差异,根据“鲸鲵踊而夹毂”等描绘可以断定双鱼神兽实为“鲸鲵”。Makara,originally a giant aquatic creature from Indian mythology,was later absorbed by Buddhism and became a common mythical beast in Buddhist texts and decorations.As Buddhism spread eastward from India,the concept of Makara was introduced into China.For a long time,scholars have identified the Twin Fish Creature in GU Kaizhi’s Nymph of the Luo River as Wenyu and believed that these two fish were actually Makara,calling them the earliest Makara images in China.This article examines the differences between the Twin Fish Creature in Nymph of the Luo River and Makara from two perspectives:the Makara-related texts that GU Kaizhi might have encountered and the Makara images from both India and China.After clarifying the relationship between Makara and the Twin Fish Creature,the article applies an“intertextual”approach,comparing Nymph of the Luo River with Ode to the Goddess of the Luo River to determine the true identity of the Twin Fish Creature.Three major conclusions are drawn.Firstly,the Twin Fish Creature is not the Makara as traditionally believed by scholars.From the perspective of literature,in the Makara-related texts before the 6 th century,including those GU Kaizhi might have seen,the form and meaning of Makara are different from the Twin Fish Creature.From the perspective of imagery,the Twin Fish Creature does not match Indian Makara images and cannot fit into the periodization system of Chinese Makara images.Secondly,the Twin Fish Creature is also not the Wenyu as some scholars have suggested.Its appearance differs significantly from the Wenyu in the common sense,which has features like a carp-like body,bird wings,blue markings,white head,and red beak.Thirdly,based on the depiction in Nymph of the Luo River,where it mentions“whale-like creatures jumping and surrounding the chariot”,it can be confirmed that the Twin Fish Creature is actually a“whale-like creature”.This article systematically and thoroughly explores the true identity of the Twin Fish Creature in Nymph of the Luo River.It care

关 键 词：摩竭 顾恺之 《洛神赋图》 双鱼神兽 鲸鲵 神话传说 

分 类 号：TS941.12[轻工技术与工程—服装设计与工程] J222.2=372[艺术—美术]