联邦化:美国当代保守主义崛起的战略选择  

Federalization:The Strategic Choice of Conservatives in the US

作　　者：叶如帆 李莉文[2] Ye Rufan;Li Liwen(the School of English for Specific Purposes,Beijing Foreign Studies University;the School of English and International Studies,Beijing Foreign Studies University)

机构地区：[1]北京外国语大学专用英语学院 [2]北京外国语大学英语学院,北京100089

出　　处：《区域国别学刊》2024年第6期43-59,154,155,共19页COUNTRY AND AREA STUDIES

摘　　要：美国当代保守主义能在20世纪70年代后崛起并成为主流思潮,离不开联邦化战略。联邦化战略是保守派作为弱势一方在初期迫不得已的选择,是政治极化背景下的顺势而为,也是契合其意识形态的随心选择。保守派在州一级的政治动员中表现出高度的组织性和网络化特征,美国立法交流委员会(American Legislative Exchange Council,ALEC)和州政策网络(State Policy Network,SPN)是其中最成功的代表。ALEC为私营企业搭建了直接游说州议员和参与法律制定的平台,并通过其庞大的成员网络和示范法案库促进保守主义政策在各州内更高效的扩散。SPN是模仿国家级智库而生的新组织,网络化的州级智库与政府官员合作,培养各州内保守主义思想的领导者,为ALEC制定的示范法案提供多种支持。利益集团、智库、慈善基金会、州议员和州政府官员组成了一个保守主义生态圈。从反环境、社会和治理(ESG)立法运动可以看出,保守主义在州一级的动员中具有高度组织性,州一级组织和国家级组织之间、非政府组织和政府官员间能够有效联动,引导共和党在州立法机构中的优先事项。州级网络参与政策制定和影响公共政策的能力不断加强,从州这一级别开始改变美国的政治,而这正是保守派过去几十年内联邦化战略成功的表现。The rise of contemporary American conservatism as a mainstream ideology after the 1970s can be attributed to its federalization strategy.The strategy was orchestrated by the conservatives out of necessity to counter the liberals.Aligned with the conservative ideological preferences,it’s also a response to the political polarization of the time.The political mobilization of conservatives at the state level has shown a high degree of organization and networking,with the American Legislative Exchange Council(ALEC)and the State Policy Network(SPN)being among the most successful examples.ALEC provides a platform for private enterprises to directly lobby state legislators and participate in lawmaking,facilitating the efficient spread of conservative policies across states through its extensive member network and model legislation database.Modeled after national think tanks,SPN and its member think tanks collaborate with government officials,cultivate conservative leaders at the state level and support the model legislation promoted by ALEC.Interest groups,think tanks,charitable foundations,state legislators,and state government officials form a conservative ecosystem.The anti-ESG movement illustrates the high level of organization of the conservatives at the state level,where state organizations effectively coordinate with national organizations and engage with government officials to guide Republican priorities in state legislatures.The capacity of state networks to participate in policymaking and influence public policy has been steadily increasing,beginning to transform American politics from the state level.This is a testament to the success of the federalization strategy employed by conservatives over the past few decades.

关 键 词：联邦化战略 美国保守主义 保守主义智库 美国立法交流委员会 

分 类 号：D73[政治法律—政治学] D77[政治法律—中外政治制度]