非均衡的互惠实践——基于辽宁省Y村“瞎礼”现象的人类学考察  

Practice of Non-balanced Reciprocity——An Anthropological Investigation Based on Phenomenon of“Blind Ceremony”in Y Village,Liaoning Province

作　　者：刘士缘 贾仲益 LIU Shiyuan;JIA Zhongyi

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学民族学与社会学学院 [2]中央民族大学民族博物馆,北京100081

出　　处：《北华大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第5期98-105,153,154,共10页Journal of Beihua University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：辽宁省经济社会发展研究课题青年人才项目“辽宁民族传统村落空间更新与活化策略研究”(20241s1qnrckt-048)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：“礼尚往来”是日常生活中司空见惯的现象,也是互惠实践中不言自明的道理。然而,生活中打破“惯例”的“例外”总是不可避免的。基于辽宁省Y村田野调查发现,虽然日常互惠实践主导形式是均衡互惠,但亲友邻里“随礼”往来中难免会出现有去无回或去多回少的“瞎礼”现象,其形态符合马歇尔·萨林斯提出的“慷慨互惠”和“消极互惠”类型。其中“慷慨互惠”型“瞎礼”存在不求回报、单向流动、向上走礼等情况,“消极互惠”型“瞎礼”主要是由家庭经营策略不同、社会阶层分化、家庭矛盾冲突、生活重心转移等因素导致的。乡村熟人社会“差序格局”决定了“瞎礼”的互惠性质。非均衡互惠所体现的“豁达”与“大度”,是乡村互惠行为持续进行、社会秩序长久和谐的重要文化基础。“Reciprocity”is a common phenomenon in daily life,but also the practice of reciprocity is self-evident truth.Based on the findings of a field survey in Y Village,Liaoning province,the dominant form of daily reciprocity practice is equilibrium reciprocity,but friends and neighbors“with the ceremony”in the exchanges will inevitably have to go back or go back more than the number of“blind ceremony”phenomenon.Its morphology conforms to two types of conception of“generous reciprocity”and“negative reciprocity”proposed by Marshall Salins.The phenomenon of“blind etiquette”is analyzed,which represents multiple forms such as unrequited and one-way flow,as well as the influence caused by family management strategy,social stratification and differentiation,conflicts and so on.“Difference order pattern”in the society of rural acquaintances determines the reciprocal nature of“blind ceremony”,and that the“open-mindedness”and“magnanimity”reflected in the unbalanced reciprocity are embodied by people,it is the important assurance that rural mutual benefit behavior carries on continuously and guarantees the social order with long-term harmony.

关 键 词：“瞎礼” 非均衡互惠 乡村互惠行为 随礼 

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