违约方解除之法教义学体系定位  

The System Orientation in Legal Dogmatics of Termination by the Breaching Party

作　　者：汤文平 Tang Wenping

机构地区：[1]暨南大学法学院

出　　处：《中外法学》2024年第6期1486-1506,共21页Peking University Law Journal

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“民法典违约责任规则的体系化审视研究”(项目编号:22JJD820015)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：违约方解除既为新的制度疆域,亦是跨界气旋,对众多制度将有深层触动。在“前提”上应抛弃无真正独有内核的合同僵局,在“理念”上应彻底改造及吸收效率违约,在“枢机”方面应紧扣违约方解除与履行不能及减损义务之关系,在“框架”上要厘清违约方解除与守约方法定解除权之本质区别,并以之与其他关联制度共同营构宽宥差序格局。于是,此前有关效率的片面之见将被舍弃,但又追随着更实质的效率之气旋作用方向。与此同时,违约方解除的闯入为履行不能泛化、履行不能与实际履行抗辩间螺旋式上升、传统减损义务之下债权人遭遇的苛求等等提供了深刻的省思契机。在框架上拒绝因路径依赖从守约方法定解除权“剥取”行使方式、生效时间等,拒绝以片面锚定后者“举轻明重”式地提升前者的门槛,但又因对违约方解除应采差序格局的把握模式,故而在某些案型之下却又“神似”法定解除权,并联通其他制度。如此多向并发,拓展新的疆域。The termination by the breaching party constitutes not only a new frontier of legal systems but also a cross-boundary vortex, exerting profound influence on numerous legal regimes. In terms of the “premise”, it is necessary to abandon contract deadlock that lacks a genuinely unique core;in terms of “concepts”, it calls for a thorough reform and absorption of efficient breach theory;regarding the “key mechanism”, the focus should be on the relationship between termination by the breaching party, impossibility of performance, and duty of mitigation;and as for the “framework”, the essential distinction between termination by the breaching party and the statutory termination right of the non-breaching party must be clarified, and a hierarchical tolerance system should be constructed in conjunction with other related institutions. Consequently, the previously narrow views on efficiency shall be abandoned, but the vortex effect of the more substantive efficiency can still be pursued. At the same time, the intrusion of termination by the breaching party provides a profound opportunity for reflection on issues such as the generalization of impossibility of performance, the spiral escalation between impossibility of performance and specific performance defense, and the excessive demands on creditors under the traditional duty of mitigation. Structurally, the termination by the breaching party should refuse to “extract” constitutive elements such as the way of exercising and the time of effect from the statutory termination right of the non-breaching party through path dependence, and reject to unilaterally elevate its threshold in a “argumentum a minore ad maius” manner by using the latter as a benchmark. However, due to the adoption of a hierarchical structure, in certain types of cases, the termination by the breaching party “resembles” the statutory termination right in certain prescriptive aspects, and links to many other regimes. Such multifaceted approach expands a new frontier.

关 键 词：违约方解除 效率违约 履行不能 减损义务 法学实证主义 

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