论保险法中的利得禁止原则  

Onthe Principle of Prohibition of Enrichment in Insurance Law

作　　者：岳卫[1] Yue Wei

机构地区：[1]南京大学法学院

出　　处：《中外法学》2024年第6期1507-1525,共19页Peking University Law Journal

摘　　要：利得禁止原则与损失补偿原则并非同义概念,不应混用。损失补偿原则仅仅是财产保险合同当事人双方合意内容的逻辑结果,要求的是保险人必须在约定的范围内补偿被保险人的损失。利得禁止原则则是对损失补偿的界限予以规范,但绝非传统观点认为的限制补偿,而是确定如何给予更进一步的、充分的补偿。为此,其规范目的仅在于区别赌博及阻止道德风险,是一种政策性规定而非自然法原则,并不具有一般拘束力。但是,鉴于道德风险依然不容忽视,可将利得禁止原则分为广义、狭义和最狭义三阶,其中广义、狭义利得禁止原则应具强行法规范性,而最狭义利得禁止原则仅为任意性规定。医疗费用保险是否可适用保险代位制度问题、重置价格保险中重置条件是否为效力要件问题等均可通过该三阶论得到圆满解决,财产定额保险这一形式据此原则上亦可有效成立,同时为今后不断开发能够化解社会经济风险的新型险种提供了理论支撑。The principle of prohibition of enrichment and the principle of compensation for losses are not synonymous and should not be conflated. The principle of compensation for losses is only the logical result of the agreement between the two parties of the property insurance contract, which requires the insurer to make up for the losses of the insured within the scope agreed upon. The principle of prohibition of enrichment regulates the boundaries of loss compensation, but it is not, as traditionally believed, a restriction on compensation. Instead, it clarifies how to provide further and adequate compensation. In this regard, its regulatory purpose is merely to distinguish gambling from insurance and to prevent moral hazards. It is a policy regulation rather than a principle of natural law and does not have general binding force. However, since moral hazard cannot be ignored, the principle of prohibition of enrichment can be divided into three levels: broad, narrow, and the narrowest sense. The principle of prohibition of enrichment in the broad and the narrow senses should be considered by nature as normative mandatory laws, while the narrowest sense should be only an optional rule. The issues such as whether insurance subrogation is applicable to medical expense insurance and whether the reinstatement condition in reinstatement value insurance is the validation essential can then be satisfactorily resolved under the three-level theory of prohibition of enrichment. Furthermore, on the premise of this three-level theory, property insurance of fixed sum can be validly tenable, while the exploitation of new varieties of insurance aimed at economic risk prevention can be theoretically justified.

关 键 词：利得禁止原则 损失补偿原则 财产定额保险 人身损害保险 指数型保险 

分 类 号：D912.28[政治法律—民商法学]