数据产权分置下反垄断规则调适与制度构建  

Adaptation and Systematic Construction of Anti-monopoly Rules Against the Background of Layered Data Property Rights

作　　者：王文君 Wang Wenjun

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学凯原法学院

出　　处：《中外法学》2024年第6期1601-1618,共18页Peking University Law Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“强化反垄断促进平台经济健康发展研究”(项目编号:21AZD017)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：数据产权分置下,对数据控制者赋权可能会使超大型数字平台进一步垄断数据,对数据利用者简单赋权可能会导致数据流通利用难以实现。数据垄断的应对应以生产和流通为框架,在数据控制权配置和数据利用权配置的基础上分别进行,以统筹数据有序流通的秩序目标和效率目标。数据生产环节,应强制数据控制权主体开放必需数据,拒绝开放必需数据的竞争损害评估主要围绕横向封锁、纵向封锁、创新阻塞三个维度,综合考量作为竞争维度的个人信息与隐私保护、以及作为动态效率来源的创新和投资激励这两个抗辩理由的正当性;数据流通环节,应以“资源—集合—产品”的立体化思维,将数据法人化,赋予数据集人格,构建数据法人制度,促进数字市场竞争,提高消费者福利。强制开放必需数据和构建数据法人制度时,应谨慎设置使用条件,防止规则或制度过度适用造成负面效果。Under the framework of layered data ownership,granting too much power to data controllers may further monopolize data by super digital platforms,while simply empowering data users may hinder the realization of data circulation and utilization.The response to data monopolies should be structured around the framework of production and circulation,with a focus on separately allocating data control rights and data utilization rights to balance the dual objectives of orderly data circulation and efficiency.In the data production phase,data controllers should be required to open access to essential data.The assessment of competitive harm caused by refusing to open essential data should focus on three dimensions:horizontal foreclosure,vertical foreclosure,and innovation blockage.This should involve a comprehensive evaluation of the legitimacy of two counterarguments:personal information and privacy protection as a competition dimension,and the incentives of innovation and investment as the sources of dynamic efficiency.In the data circulation phase,a“resource-collection-product”holistic approach should be adopted,with the legal personhood of data established,granting data sets a legal personality to construct a data legal entity system.This would promote competition in digital markets and improve consumer welfare.When mandating access to essential data and constructing a data legal entity system,careful conditions for use must be set up to avoid negative effects caused by over-application of the rules or system.

关 键 词：数据垄断 数据生产 必需数据 数据流通 数据法人 

分 类 号：D922.16[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D923[政治法律—法学] D922.294