孔子伦理思想与孟子道德形而上学的结构性差别  

Structural Differences between Confucius'Ethical Thought and Mencius'Moral Metaphysics

作　　者：张松[1] ZHANG Song

机构地区：[1]山东社会科学院哲学研究所,山东济南250002

出　　处：《济南大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第6期17-30,192,共15页Journal of University of Jinan:Social Science Edition

摘　　要：在孔子的伦理思想与孟子的道德形而上学之间存在着一种一直被有意回避的差异。与孟子不同,孔子从来没有试图将人性问题专题化为一个形而上学的主题。孔子所关注的并非是个人的道德自我,而是个人如何在社会伦理关系系统中过一种合理而恰当的伦理生活。因此,他不会像孟子那样通过一种关乎道德本心和人性的道德形而上学把思想的关注点集中在个人的道德内在性中。孟子把仁义礼智等具体德性提升到人性层面,用以对其善恶属性做出形而上学的规定,这些具体德性因而作为其实质性内涵直接构成人性之善,成为最高的善。这样,他就在一个价值坐标系中对善做了价值定位从而使其价值化了。价值在自身中包含着追求实现的内在趋向,在价值领域内,一切与价值实现不相适应或相互冲突的其他实践取向都会作为无价值的东西被否定和排除。正是出于价值的这种存在逻辑,孟子的道德判断和行为选择都是专断且极度自信的,对人和事的道德要求也从来都是相当严厉的。相反,对孔子来说,重要的不是某种追求实现的价值,不是这种价值的实现,而是一个稳定的社会与政治秩序中的生命存在及其尊严;他的道德判断以及在实践取向上的取舍也是真正着眼于生命存在及其尊严来进行的。这是孔子真正伟大的地方,他的思想也因此而比孟子及其他儒家知识分子要蕴藉宽和得多。There exists a deliberate avoidance of the difference between Confucius'ethical thought and Mencius'moral metaphysics.Unlike Mencius,Confucius never sought to thematize human nature as a metaphysical subject.On a personal level,Confucius is less concerned with the individual's moral self and more focused on how one can lead a rational and appropriate ethical life within a social and ethical framework.Thus,he does not direct his thoughts to‐wards the moral intrinsic nature of individuals through a metaphysical exploration of moral essence and human nature,as Mencius does.From Mencius'perspective,he elevates virtues such as benevolence,righteousness,propriety,and wisdom to the level of human nature,metaphysically prescribing their attributes of good and evil.These virtues directly constitute the good of human nature as its substantive content and the highest good.In this way,he valorizes the good within a system of value coordinates.Value inherently tends towards realization,and within the realm of value,any practical orientations that conflict with this realization are negated and deemed worthless.This existential logic leads Mencius to make arbitrary and highly confident moral judgments and choices,with equally strict moral demands on people and things.Conversely,for Confucius,what matters is not the pursuit of a certain value or its realization,but rather the existence and dignity of life within a stable social and political order.His moral judgments and practical trade-offs are genuinely guided by considerations of life's existence and dignity.This is where his true greatness lies,making his thought far more profound and generous than that of Mencius and other Confucian scholars.

关 键 词：孔子 孟子 伦理 道德 价值 

分 类 号：B80-1[哲学宗教—思维科学]