长期氮磷钾配施提升大豆产量、籽粒养分和异黄酮含量及土壤肥力  

Long-term balanced NPK fertilization increases soybean yield,grain nutrient and isoflavone contents and improves fertility of soybean fields

作　　者：李梦琪 邹文秀[1] 韩晓增[1] 严君[1] 陈旭[1] 陆欣春[1] LI Meng-qi;ZOU Wen-xiu;HAN Xiao-zeng;YAN Jun;CHEN Xu;LU Xin-chun(Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Harbin,Heilongjiang 150081,China;Jilin Agricultural University,Changchun,Jilin 130118,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,黑龙江哈尔滨150081 [2]吉林农业大学,吉林长春130118

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2024年第11期2221-2229,共9页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1500105);黑龙江省“揭榜挂帅”科技攻关项目(2021ZXJ05B02);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-04);黑龙江省黑土耕地保护协同创新推广体系项目。

摘　　要：【目的】通过长期定位实验,探究长期不同氮磷钾肥配施对大豆产量、品质及土壤理化性状的影响,为黑龙江省黑土区大豆产量、品质提升和土壤质量维持提供技术支撑。【方法】田间试验始于1990年,以‘东生17’大豆为试验材料,设置了不施肥(CK)、磷钾肥(PK)、氮钾肥(NK)、氮磷肥(NP)及氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)5个处理,系统分析不同氮磷钾肥配施下大豆产量及其矿物质(磷、钾、钙和铁元素)和异黄酮含量,以及土壤理化性状的变化特征。【结果】与CK处理相比,PK、NK、NP及NPK处理均可提升大豆产量,增幅为5.1%~18.6%;大豆籽粒中钙、铁、钾元素和异黄酮含量均增加,增幅表现为NPK>NP>NK>PK,而籽粒中的磷元素含量对各施肥处理的响应并不显著。与不施肥及各缺素处理相比,NPK处理下钙、铁、钾和异黄酮含量分别增加了6.6%~12.6%、19.9%~54.6%、8.8%~16.3%和14.1%~58.0%。NPK处理下土壤有机质与全氮含量与其他处理差异较小,而碱解氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷及速效钾含量多有显著提升,其中有效磷涨幅最高,达到80.0%;与NPK相比,NK处理土壤有效磷含量及NP处理土壤全钾和速效钾含量分别显著降低了44.4%、19.7%和29.2%。4个施肥处理中,PK处理的增产率和增产值均处于最低水平,且未能有效提升大豆的产量和经济效益。氮肥的农学效率达到14.7 kg/kg,远高于磷、钾肥的1.1 kg/kg和1.3 kg/kg。氮磷钾肥配施处理大豆的经济效益显著提升。【结论】东北黑土区大豆生产中氮肥施用是必不可少,通过氮磷钾平衡施肥不仅可以显著提升大豆产量和经济效益,还可以提升大豆品质、培肥土壤。【Objectives】The effects of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K)fertilizers on soybean yield,intrinsic quality,and soil nutrient contents were compared using a long-term field experiment.The aim was to address the issues of soybean yield and quality enhancement and soil quality preservation of the black soil region of Heilongjiang Province.【Methods】The field experiment started since 1990,the used soybean cultivar was Dongsheng 17.Five fertilizer application treatments were established:no fertilizer(CK),P and K fertilizer(PK),N and K fertilizer(NK),N and P fertilizer(NP),and N,P and K fertilizer(NPK).The soybean yield,and the content of P,K,Ca,Fe,and isoflavone in grains were measured,and the organic matter,total and available N,P,and K contents in soil were systematically analyzed.【Results】Compared to CK,all the fertilizer treatments increased soybean yield,with the increase ranging from 5.1%to 18.6%.Fertilization increased grain nutrient and isoflavone contents significantly,except for P.The nutrient and isoflavones increase effect of the treatments was in descent order of NPK>NP>NK>PK.Compared to CK and two-fertilizer treatments,NPK treatment increased the grain Ca,Fe,K,and isoflavones contents by 6.6%−12.6%,19.9%−54.6%,8.8%−16.3%and 14.1%−58.0%,respectively.The soil under NPK treatment had similar organic carbon and total N contents to those under all the other treatments,but significantly higher alkali-hydrolyzable N,total and available P and K,with a maximum increase of 80.0%.Among them,the available phosphorus content under NK treatment,as well as the total potassium and readily available potassium content under NP treatment,resulted in significant reductions of 44.4%,14.7%,and 29.2%,respectively,compared to the NPK treatment.Among the four fertilizer treatments,PK produced the lowest yield and benefit of soybean production,which were even not significantly higher than CK.The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in the experiment was as high as 14.7 kg/kg,which was much highe

关 键 词：氮磷钾平衡施肥 大豆 矿质元素 异黄酮 土壤肥力 产量 

分 类 号：S565.1[农业科学—作物学] S158