清代对外法律秩序体系之规范研究  

Normative Analysis on the Legal Order System of Foreign Activities in Qing Dynasty

作　　者：邱唐 QIU Tang

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学法律学院

出　　处：《社会科学》2024年第11期162-177,共16页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“清代对外法律秩序体系研究”(项目编号:22CFX053)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：清朝对外法律秩序的背后,有一套包括《大清会典》与会典则例、以《礼部则例》《理藩院则例》为代表的各部院则例以及《大清律例》等规范性文件在内的完整而绵密的法规范架构。其中,《大清会典》相关条文是构成清朝对外法律秩序最原则性、总括性的规范;各部院则例相当于会典的实施细则,着眼于行政实践的细节;《大清律例》中的相关条文则更多地关注经济行为,且表现出鲜明的刑事法和内国法特征。这些法规范本质上构筑的是一个有差等位阶的国际互动体系结构。在会典和则例所侧重规范的礼仪层面,清朝仍然保持着一种“天朝上国”的自尊与开拓性,甚至将泰西各国的互市都视作一种朝贡行为。但在《大清律例》这一刑法层面上,清朝又保持了相当的自制和收缩性,显然注意到自己统治的界限。清朝对于朝鲜等朝贡国、哈萨克等外藩、西洋等互市国以及俄罗斯这样的条约对等方,适用的是四种不同的交往模式和规范,呈现出清朝对外法律秩序的多元性特征。The legal order of foreign activities in Qing Dynasty is a complete and tight-knit legal framework including the Collected Statutes in the Qing Dynasty and its statutes, the statutes of each administrative organs such as Libu and Lifanyuan and the Qing Code. In all the laws and regulations, the Collected Statutes in the Qing Dynasty are the most principled and overarching legal norms that constituted the legal order of foreign activities in the Qing Dynasty;the statutes of each administrative organs are equivalent to the implementing rules for the Collected Statutes in the Qing Dynasty;the Qing Code focuses on the economic sphere, and presents as the criminal law and domestic law. These legal norms essentially construct an architecture of international interaction with different ranks. At the rites level, which is emphasized by the Collected Statutes in Qing Dynasty and the statutes of each administrative organs, the Qing Dynasty still keeps the pride of the “Celestial Empire” and the pioneering ambitions, and even regards the mutual markets of the western countries and China as a kind of tribute behavior.However, at the Qing Code level, the Qing Dynasty maintains a considerable degree of self-control and contraction,apparently mindful of the boundaries of its rule. The Qing Dynasty separates all the foreign countries into four types, which includes the dependent feudatory such as Korea, the vassal states such as Kazak, the countries who have the mutual trade with China, such as the West and the countries who has signed the treaties with China, such as Tsarist Russia. Directed at these foreign countries, the Qing Dynasty has applied four different modes and norms of interaction, which presents the pluralistic character of the legal order of foreign activities in the Qing Dynasty.

关 键 词：对外法律秩序 法规范 大清会典 礼部则例 大清律例 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学]