团练与救国:戊戌维新时期团练自强思潮述论  

Tuanlian and Saving the Nation:The Ideological Trend of Achieving Self-improvement Through Tuanlian During the Hundred Days'Reform

作　　者：崔岷 Cui Min

机构地区：[1]南开大学中国社会史研究中心暨历史学院,天津300350

出　　处：《史学月刊》2024年第11期76-89,共14页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国近代社会组织和国家基层治理文献整理与研究”(23&ZD248)。

摘　　要：在晚清自强话语的构建过程中,以团练谋求国家强盛的主张亦于19世纪70年代开始出现,并在甲午惨败和胶州湾事件后亡国危机的刺激下被更多官绅所鼓吹,从而形成一股引人瞩目的团练自强思潮。其间,旨在解答团练何以能拯救中国和如何办团方能救国的团练自强方案被密集提出,直接促成了清廷继咸同时期之后二度在全国范围内倡办团练,并因其“为海宇策富强”的目标而意味着办理团练已从针对地方动乱的临时性防御策略上升为旨在实现国家强盛的重要战略。尽管团练以中国“旧政”的形象出现于晚清的自强话语体系中,然其得以在“变法”和“维新”声浪中发出足够响亮的声音,表明随着列强对华侵略的日益加深,一些焦虑无比且苦于西法缓不济急的官绅试图从传统制度中寻找迅速增强国力的途径。In the process of constructing self-improvement discourse in the late Qing dynasty,the idea of seeking national strength through Tuanlian began to emerge in the 1870s,and was promoted by more officials and gentry under the stimulation of the failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894—1895 and the national crisis following the Jiaozhou Bay Incident,thus forming a remarkable ideological trend of self-improvement through Tuanlian.During this period,the plan of achieving self-improvement through Tuanlian,aimed at answering why Tuanlian could save China and how to organize Tuanlian to save the country,was proposed intensively,which directly led to the Qing court advocating for the organization of Tuanlian nationwide for the second time after the period of Xianfeng and Tongzhi.Its goal of"bringing prosperity and strength to the country"meant that the organization of Tuanlian had risen from a temporary defense strategy against local turmoil to an important strategy aimed at gaining national strength.Although Tuanlian appeared in the self-improvement discourse system of the late Qing dynasty in the image of China's"old system",it was able to make a loud voice in the wave of"reform"and"innovation",indicating that with the deepening of foreign aggression against China,some officials and gentry,who were anxious and distressed by the fact that the slow remedy of westernization reform could not meet the urgent demand,were trying to find ways to rapidly enhance national strength from the traditional systems.

关 键 词：团练自强思潮 晚清自强话语 甲午战争 “胶州湾事件” “百日维新” 

分 类 号：K25[历史地理—历史学]