晚清海关海务部门对长江口水文变迁的认知与应对  

Cognition and Response of the Customs and Marine Affairs Department to the Hydrological Changes of the Yangtze River Estuary in the Late Qing Dynasty

作　　者：王涛[1] Wang Tao

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学人文学院历史系,浙江金华321004

出　　处：《史学月刊》2024年第12期41-51,共11页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“晚清时期英国海军在中国水域的地图测绘及其影响研究(1840-1870)”(20BZS119)

摘　　要：晚清时期,长江主泓南、北迁移,造成上海港通海航道改线以及长江口水文条件恶化。为应对长江口水文变迁,1868年海关船钞部成立后,将治理长江口航道,保障进出上海港船只安全,作为海务工作的重心,建立起与长江口水文相适应的导航系统。1888年,船钞部技术负责人巡工司开始定期检测长江口航道,并把测量工作扩大到其他通商口岸,将导航设施建设与管理、航道测量变为“海关现行制度”的两大部分。1900年之后,南、北港航道淤塞加重,巡工司致力于在神滩、崇明水道附近探索航道,保证南、北港能够供大型船只继续使用。海关海务部门对长江口航道的整治虽有助于上海港的崛起,却严重侵蚀了国家主权,从海关手中收回航政管理权成为民国时期交通主管部门的重要任务。In the late Qing dynasty,the trunk stream of the Yangtze River migrated south and north,resulting in the rerouting of the sea routes of the Port of Shanghai and the deteriorating navigation conditions at the Yangtze River estuary.In order to cope with the hydrological changes of the Yangtze River estuary,the Customs and Ship Banknote Department(Haiguan Chuanchao Bu),established in 1868,took the management of the waterway at the mouth of the Yangtze River and the safety of vessels entering and leaving the Port of Shanghai as the focus of its maritime affairs,and gradually established a navigation system which was compatible with the Yangtze River estuary hydrology.In 1888,the Coast Inspector,as the technical head of the Ship Banknote Department,began to regularly inspect the waterway of the Yangtze River estuary,and expanded its survey work to other treaty ports,transforming the construction and management of navigation facilities and the survey of waterways into two major parts of the current customs system.After 1900,the siltation of the south and north port channels increased,and the Coast Inspector was committed to exploring waterways near the Fairy Flats and the Tsungming Crossing to ensure that the south and north port channels could continue to be used by large ships.Although the regulation of the Yangtze River estuary by the Customs and Maritime Affairs Department has contributed to the rise of the Port of Shanghai,it has seriously eroded national sovereignty.Retrieving the navigation management power from the customs had become an important task for the transportation authorities during the period of the Republic of China.

关 键 词：晚清 海关船钞部 长江口 水文变迁 海务工作 

分 类 号：K25[历史地理—历史学]