藏语句子主干成分省略现象刍议  

On Omitting the Main Components of the Sentences in Tibetan Language

作　　者：航尖才让 多拉[1,2] 王维兰 Wangyal Tsering;Dorlha Wang;Wei Lan(Department of Chinese Language and Literature in Northwest Minzu University,Lanzhou,Gansu 730000;State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Intelligent Information Processing and Application in Qinghai Normal University,Xining,Qinghia 810000)

机构地区：[1]西北民族大学中国语言文学学部,甘肃兰州730000 [2]青海师范大学藏语智能信息处理及应用国家重点实验室,青海西宁810000

出　　处：《青海民族大学学报（藏文版）》2024年第1期77-93,共17页Journal of qinghai minzu University：Tibetan Version

基　　金：国家社科基金冷门绝学研究专项“基于语料的《藏文大字典》(藏汉对照)编篡研究”(项目编号:21VJXT013);国家自然科学基金项目“基于大规模语料库的藏语预训练语言模型研究”(项目编号:62266037)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：现代语言学认为,一个完整的句子由六种基本成分构成,这些成分可以根据其功能分为主干成分和枝叶成分两大类。文章聚焦藏语句子主谓宾三种主干成分的省略现象,通过对古今藏文多种文体的梳理和分析,发现主干成分的省略可以归类为对话省、偈颂体省、谚语省、自述省,以及上下文省略等五种类型。通过归纳藏语句子主干成分省略现象的特征和规律,阐述了句子成分的省略不仅是藏语特有的一种语言现象,而且它作为一种有效的语法策略,既简化了语言结构,又增强了语言表达中信息的凸显性。研究藏语中的句子主干成分省略现象对避免语言冗长、实现语句简洁、优化语言流畅性和美感、提升写作技巧和表达效果、增强文学鉴赏能力等都具有重要意义。此外,进一步阐明了这一研究对于解决藏语自然语言处理中的句法分析、语义分析、篇章分析等关键问题的重要性。提出了准确掌握句子成分省略的规律和机制,可以帮助翻译系统更准确地捕捉和再现藏语文本的语义细节,避免由于主干成分省略而产生的歧义或误解,提高翻译的准确率和精确度的观点。Modern linguistics believe that a complete sentence is composed of six basic components,which can be divided into two categories based on their functions:main components and branch components.This article focuses on the omission of the three main components which are subject,object and predicate in Tibetan sentences.Through sorting and analyzing various styles of Tibetan language from ancient to modern times,it is found that the omission of the main components can be classified into five types:dialogue omission,verse omission,proverb omission,self narration omission,and context omission.By summarizing the characteristics and patterns of the omission of main components in Tibetan sentences,it is explained that the omission of sentence components is not only a unique language phenomenon in Tibetan,but also an effective grammar strategy that simplifies language structure and enhances the prominence of information in language expression.Studying the omission of the main components in Tibetan sentence is of great significance in avoiding language redundancy,achieving concise sentences,optimizing language fluency and aesthetics,improving writing skills and expression effects,and enhancing literary appreciation abilities.In addition,it further elucidates the importance of this research in addressing key issues such as syntactic analysis,semantic analysis,and discourse analysis in Tibetan natural language processing.It is proposed that accurately grasping the rules and mechanisms of sentence component omission can help translation systems more accurately capture and reproduce the semantic details of Tibetan texts,avoid ambiguity or misunderstandings caused by the omission of main components,and improve the accuracy and precision of translation.

关 键 词：句子成分 主语 宾语 谓语 

分 类 号：H214[语言文字—少数民族语言]