RESIDENTIAL STORMWATER:METHODS FOR DECREASING RUNOFF AND INCREASING STORMWATER INFILTRATION  

作　　者：John R.Freeborn David J.Sample Laurie J.Fox 

机构地区：[1]Department of Horticulture,Virginia Polytechnic Institute&State University [2]Department of Biological Systems Engineering,Virginia Polytechnic Institute&State University [3]Department of Horticulture,Hampton Roads Agricultural Research&Extension Center,Virginia Polytechnic Institute&State University

出　　处：《Journal of Green Building》2012年第2期15-30,共16页绿色建筑学报（英文）

摘　　要：INTRODUCTION Humans and plants depend on an adequate supply of clean water for numerous reasons,from food production to sustaining terrestrial and aquatic life.The average Virginia resident uses about 47 gallons(178 L)of fresh water daily(VDEQ 2008).While a majority of Virginians are provided water from a centralized,public utility,there are nearly two million Virginia residents who depend on well water as their main source(VDH 2008).Replenishing groundwater withdrawals depends on recharge(water moving from the surface to groundwater)from infiltration of precipitation through permeable surfaces in the environment;an important part of the hydrologic,or water,cycle(VDEQ 2010).Forests and grasslands provide much of the available recharge area due to their high capacities to infiltrate precipitation.However,the urbanization process is rapidly converting forested areas and grasslands to commercial,residential,or industrial developments.This conversion creates a significant increase in impervious surfaces such as concrete,asphalt,building roofs,and even compacted vegetated sites(U.S.EPA 2003).Impervious surfaces decrease infiltration and groundwater recharge.They also generate increases in stormwater runoff;defined as any precipitation from a rain or snow event that flows off of an impervious surface.As water runs off urban impervious surfaces,it picks up sediment,oils,debris,nutrients,chemicals,and bacteria.The runoff is then collected in a conveyance system,transported,and discharged to surface waters such as creeks and rivers;most of the time without any type of water quality treatment(U.S.EPA 2003;Paul and Meyer 2001).In addition to carrying pollutants,the runoff is also typically warmer than the receiving surface waters.The increased volume and velocity of the stormwater runoff erodes soil and stream channels and can lead to stream“blow out.”Water quality is degraded and aquatic habitats are adversely altered(Meyer,et al.2005,Booth and Jackson 1997).Due to the interconnected nature of watersheds,the degraded w

关 键 词：residential stormwater management low impact development environmental site design permeable pavement rainwater harvesting rain gardens green roofs dry swales BIORETENTION 

分 类 号：P64[天文地球—地质矿产勘探]