伊朗领袖代表制的历史渊源与现实治理探析  

Iran's Supreme Leader Representative System:A Historical and Practical Analysis

作　　者：廖希玮 冀开运[1,2] LIAO Xiwei;JI Kaiyun(College of History and Culture,Southwest University)

机构地区：[1]西南大学历史文化学院,重庆400700 [2]西南大学伊朗研究中心,重庆400700

出　　处：《阿拉伯世界研究》2024年第6期71-98,157,共29页Arab World Studies

基　　金：2021年度国家社科基金重大课题“新编中东国家通史”(LSYZD21021)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：伊朗伊斯兰共和国成立之初,最高领袖通过委任领袖代表树立个人权威以巩固新兴政权。经过数十年的发展,领袖代表机构遍布全国,领袖代表制不断完善,成为伊朗国家治理体系重要组成部分。从历史渊源看,什叶派独特的文化传统和政治理念为领袖代表制的构建提供了本土演进和依据,霍梅尼的法基赫治国思想为领袖代表制的施行奠定了理论原则和基调;从现实治理看,领袖代表制与现代科层制的协同共治是伊朗政教合一体制深入地方的典型体现,集意识形态监督与宣传功能为一体的领袖代表机构在地方和基层治理中扮演着关键角色。可以说,领袖代表制是在伊朗文化惯性和制度惯性的交互作用下形成的,是独具伊朗历史继承和本土色彩的治理模式。当今伊朗,领袖代表不仅是最高领袖哈梅内伊的代言人和传声筒,也是什叶派教义的践行者和传播者。庞大的领袖代表网络不仅契合了伊朗伊斯兰政权的治理需要,也深刻影响着伊朗政治发展的走向。At the onset of the Islamic Republic of Iran,the Supreme Leader solidified the fledgling regime by appointing personal representatives.Over the ensuing decades,the institution of the Supreme Leader's representatives has proliferated across the nation,becoming an indispensable component of Iran's governance framework.Historically,the distinctive cultural traditions of Shiism provided a local foundation for the establishment of this system,while Ayatollah Khomeini's concept of velayat-e faqih laid out the theoretical framework for its implementation.In practice,the hybrid structure of Supreme Leader's representatives alongside modern bureaucratic hierarchies,plays a pivotal role in local governance.It can be argued that the system of Leader's representatives embodies a governance model with unmistakable Iranian characteristics.In present-day Iran,these representatives not only serve as spokespeople for the Supreme Leader,Ayatollah Khamenei,but also as promoters of Shiite Islamic doctrine.The extensive network of Leader's representatives not only fulfills the governance requirements of the Islamic regime but also profoundly shapes the future trajectory of Iranian politics.

关 键 词：伊朗 政治制度 国家治理体系 领袖代表制 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]