吉林省西部苏打盐碱地不同开垦年限水田土壤剖面特征  

Soil Profile Characteristics of Soda Saline-alkali Paddy Fields with Different Reclamation Years in Western Jilin Province

作　　者：徐雅婧 田俊杰 鄂宇迪 冯君[1] XU Yajing;TIAN Junjie;E Yudi;FENG Jun(College of Resources and Environment,Jilin Agricultural University,Changchun 130118,China;Jilin Institute of Geological Sciences,Changchun 130061,China)

机构地区：[1]吉林农业大学资源与环境学院,长春130118 [2]吉林省地质科学研究所,长春130061

出　　处：《吉林农业大学学报》2024年第5期901-910,共10页Journal of Jilin Agricultural University

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41771250)。

摘　　要：以吉林省西部不同开垦年限苏打盐碱水田为研究对象,利用野外调查和室内理化分析方法,分析了新开垦3年水田,开垦20年水田,开垦50年水田的土壤剖面各发生层次的剖面形态特征,基本理化性质及主要养分特征,并与未开垦的退化草原土壤剖面进行对比。结果表明:随着种稻年限的增加,土壤pH、电导率、碱化度、可溶盐含量均有所下降,阳离子交换量有明显增加,土壤的碱化层会逐渐消失,进而形成“熟化耕层”。土壤各发生层次的有机质含量和全磷含量都在增加,种稻50年时,土壤有机质含量和全磷含量的最大值均出现在土壤的表层,平均每年分别增加2.64%,3.05%。土壤全钾含量随着年限延长,在土壤的上部含量在持续增加,而犁底层(P)以下则是呈现先降后升,总体变化较小。土壤速效磷含量总体偏低,随着开垦年限增长呈现先降后升的趋势。土壤全氮含量随着开垦时间的增长,除土壤表层外,其他发生层次呈现先增后降的趋势,表明长期处于干湿交替的环境中,全氮易随水向下淋失。土壤碱解氮含量的变化大,以增加为主。土壤速效钾含量随着年限延长,土壤剖面中犁底层(P)变化幅度最大,在开垦20~50年间,土壤上部变化剧烈。苏打盐碱土在经过多年的种稻后土壤养分均有所增加,尤其是犁底层(P)之上土层,经人为熟化,土壤肥力不断提高。Taking soda saline-alkali paddy fields with different reclamation years in western Jilin province as the research object,field investigation and indoor physical and chemical analysis methods were used to analyze the morphological characteristics,basic physical and chemical properties and main nutrient characteristics of soil profiles at different levels of the newly reclaimed paddy fields,20-year paddy fields and 50-year paddy fields.The profiles were compared with those of unreclaimed degraded grasslands.The results showed that with the increase of rice cultivating years,soil pH,electrical conductivity,alkalinity and soluble salt content all decreased,while cation exchange capacity increased significantly.The alkaline layer of the soil gradually disappeared,forming a“mature plow layer”.The organic matter content and total P content of of soil at different levels were increasing.After 50 years of rice cultivation,the maximum values of soil organic matter content and total P content both appeared on the surface of the soil,with an average annual increase of 2.64%and 3.05%,respectively.The total K content of the soil continued to increase in the upper part of the soil with the extension of the age,while the content below the P layer decreased first and then increased,with small overall variation.The content of soil available P was generally low,showing a trend of first decline and then a rise with the increase of the cultivation years.The total N content of the soil increased with the cultivation time,except for the surface layer of the soil,indicating that in a longterm dry and wet alternation environment,total nitrogen was prone to leaching downward with water.The content of soil alkaline N varied greatly,mainly increasing.The soil available K content had the largest change in the soil profile with the extension of years,and the upper part of the soil changed drastically during 20-50 years of reclamation.Soda saline-alkali soil increased soil nutrients after years of cultivating rice,especially on the plow bo

关 键 词：苏打盐碱地 退化草原 开垦年限 水田 土壤养分 吉林省 

分 类 号：S156.4[农业科学—土壤学]