肥料穴施位置、深度及间距对春小麦产量及养分利用的影响  

Effects of Fertilization Application Position,Depth,and Spacing on Spring Wheat Yield and Nutrient Utilization

作　　者：李炳浩 玉素甫江·玉素音 马红友 史转辉 张佑银 王火焰[3] 张小龙 王晓春 张燕 张国荣 LI Binghao;Yusufujiang·Yusuyin;MA Hongyou;SHI Zhuanhui;ZHANG Youyin;WANG Huoyan;ZHANG Xiaolong;WANG Xiaochun;ZHANG Yan;CHEN Guorong(College of Resources and Environment,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi,Xinjiang 830052,China;Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Soil and Plant Ecological Processes,Urumqi,Xinjiang 830052,China;State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Soil and Agriculture,Nanjing Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing,Jiangsu 210008,China;Hami Agricultural Machinery Technology Extension Service Center,Hami,Xinjiang 839099,China;Aksu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center,Aksu,Xinjiang 843000,China)

机构地区：[1]新疆农业大学资源与环境学院,新疆乌鲁木齐830052 [2]新疆土壤与植物生态过程重点实验室,新疆乌鲁木齐830052 [3]中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室,江苏南京210008 [4]哈密市农业农机技术推广服务中心,新疆疆哈密839099 [5]阿克苏地区农业科技创新中心,新疆阿克苏843000

出　　处：《麦类作物学报》2024年第12期1599-1605,共7页Journal of Triticeae Crops

基　　金：新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金项目(2021D01A90);2022年中央财政林草科技推广示范项目(新[2022]TG10号)。

摘　　要：为探寻春小麦根区一次施肥最佳施肥位置的技术参数,在新疆哈密市巴里坤县进行田间试验,设置行间居中施肥(肥料距种子7.5 cm、深10 cm、穴间距15 cm,L_(7.5)H_(10)D_(15))、偏行施肥(肥料距种子5 cm、深10 cm、穴间距15 cm,L_(5)H_(10)D_(15))、加深施肥(肥料距种子7.5 cm、深15 cm、穴间距15 cm,L_(7.5)H_(15)D_(15))、减小穴间距施肥(肥料距种子7.5 cm、深10 cm、穴间距12 cm,L_(7.5)H_(10)D_(12)),以行间居中施肥(不施氮肥)为对照(CK),分析了不同施肥位点及穴间距对春小麦产量、养分利用和土壤养分平衡的影响。结果表明,根区施肥条件下施肥位置对小麦籽粒产量及其构成因素影响显著,其中L_(5)H_(10)D_(15)处理的产量较其他处理分别增加了3.7%~24.7%,穗粒数的增加是其高产的主要原因;L_(5)H_(10)D_(15)处理提高了籽粒和植株氮积累量及籽粒钾积累量,L_(7.5)H_(10)D_(12)处理提高了成熟期籽粒和植株磷积累量及茎叶、植株钾积累量;L_(5)H_(10)D_(15)处理的氮素利用效率最高,氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力分别为38.8%、8.7 g·kg^(-1)和44.2 g·kg^(-1),与L_(7.5)H_(10)D_(15)、L 7.5 H_(15)D_(15)和L_(7.5)H_(10)D_(12)处理相比,增幅分别为19.2~28.8个百分点、20.8%~148.6%和3.8%~13.6%。土壤养分表观平衡中,L_(5)H_(10)D_(15)处理的氮表观平衡和盈余率均最低,但磷钾表观平衡和盈余率均较高,说明该处理在实现小麦高产、稳产的同时保证了土壤养分不损失。综上所述,本试验条件下,根区一次穴施位置对小麦产量和土壤养分平衡有显著影响,施肥点距种子5 cm,深10 cm,穴间距15 cm最有利于提高了小麦籽粒产量,促进养分积累和高效利用,在获得小麦高产、稳产的同时保证土壤养分不损失。In order to explore the technical parameters of the optimal fertilization position in the root zone of spring wheat,a field experiment was conducted in Balikun County,Hami City,Xinjiang.Four different fertilization treatments were set up:center row fertilization(fertilizer 7.5 cm away from the seed,10 cm deep,15 cm apart between holes,designated as L_(7.5)H_(10)D_(15)),off-center row fertilization(fertilizer 5 cm away from the seed,10 cm deep,15 cm apart between holes,designated as L_(5)H_(10)D_(15)),deep fertilization(fertilizer 7.5 cm away from the seed,15 cm deep,15 cm apart between holes,designated as L_(7.5)H_(15)D_(15)),and reduced hole spacing(fertilizer 7.5 cm away from the seed,10 cm deep,12 cm apart between holes,designated as L_(7.5)H_(10)D_(12)).Center row fertilization(without nitrogen fertilizer)was used as the control(CK).The effects of different fertilization positions and hole spacings on spring wheat yield,nutrient utilization,and soil nutrient balance were analyzed.The results showed that different fertilization positions significantly affected wheat grain yield and its components.The L_(5)H_(10)D_(15)treatment increased yield by 3.7%-24.7%,compared to other treatments;the increase in the number of grains was the main reason for its high yield.In terms of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium accumulation during maturity,the L_(5)H_(10)D_(15)treatment increased grain and plant nitrogen accumulation,as well as grain potassium accumulation.The L_(7.5)H_(10)D_(12)treatment increased phosphorus accumulation,as well as stem and leaf and plant potassium accumulation.The nitrogen nutrient utilization rate of the L_(5)H_(10)D_(15)treatment was the highest,with nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate,agronomic efficiency,and partial factor productivity being 38.8%,8.7 g·kg^(-1),and 44.2 g·kg^(-1),respectively.Compared to L_(7.5)H_(10)D_(15),L_(7.5)H_(15)D_(15),and L_(7.5)H_(10)D_(12),the increase rate was 19.2-28.8 percentage points,20.8%-148.6%,and 3.8%-13.6%,respectively.In the soil nutrient balance,the ni

关 键 词：春小麦 根区一次施肥 施肥位置 养分 产量 土壤养分平衡 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学] S311