反不正当竞争法一般条款的保护限度——以市场区分为视角  

Extent of Protection by the General Clause of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law

作　　者：刘建臣 LIU Jianchen

机构地区：[1]山东大学法学院

出　　处：《法学研究》2024年第6期40-57,共18页Chinese Journal of Law

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“数据要素交易规则体系研究”(22CFX027)的阶段性成果,并受山东大学人文社会科学“全面依法治国战略实施中的数据运用与数据治理”创新团队项目建设经费资助。

摘　　要：司法机关在适用反不正当竞争法一般条款对未满足知识产权客体要件的创新成果提供补充保护时,呈现出过度保护的倾向,造成经营者与竞争者之间的利益失衡。立足于行为规制的反不正当竞争法对经营者市场控制范围的容忍度较低,一般条款对竞争利益的保护应加以克制,此可经由市场界定实现。在确立主营市场与附属市场区分保护思路的基础上,应将一般条款的保护范围限定为可维持经营者最低限度激励的主营市场,并排除经营者对附属市场的延伸控制。如果竞争者对经营者经营成果的使用仅面向后者的附属市场,抑或使用对象仅为经营者基于主营业务所得的独立副产品,则不构成不正当竞争。附属市场的界定应遵循“直观经验判断—收入或投资验证—假定测试法”的递进式安排。在引入方案上,应将区分保护思路内置于利益衡量分析框架的损害要件中,并将损害限定为对经营者主营市场的实质性替代。Judiciary authorities tend to be overprotective when applying the general clause of the AntiUnfair Competition Law(AUCL)to innovative products that are expressly excluded by intellectual property law,thus leading to an imbalance of interest between business operators and their competitors involved in a specific dispute.The AUCL,which employs a behavioral regulation approach,has a relatively low tolerance for the scope of the market controlled by a business operator.That is to say,the general clause should provide limited protection for business operators,the extent of which can be delineated by market definition.Based on the differential protection as required by the primary and secondary markets,the protection scope of the general clause of AUCL should be limited only to business operators'primary market where their minimum incentive could be preserved,and they should never be entitled to the control of relevant secondary markets.No unfair competition liability should be found if a competitor's use of a business operator's operating result only aims for competing in the latter's secondary market,or what the competitor has used is merely an independent byproduct deriving from the business operator's primary market.The definition of secondary market follows a progressive method that contains“experience-based judgment—verification of revenue or investment—a hypothetical test”.As for the introductory plan,the differential-protection idea should be incorporated into the element of damage under the balancing-of-interest framework,thus limiting damage only to those having an effect of substantial substitution on the business operator's primary market.

关 键 词：不正当竞争 一般条款 利益衡量 竞争秩序 附属市场 

分 类 号：D922.294[政治法律—经济法学]