正当防卫中的退避义务  

Duty to Retreat in Justifiable Defense

作　　者：江溯[1] JIANG Su

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《法学研究》2024年第6期162-181,共20页Chinese Journal of Law

摘　　要：刑法理论和实践在特定场合承认防卫人负有退避义务,但对该义务的类型、根据和适用均欠缺充分说明和论证。正当防卫中的退避义务,可以细分为侵害回避义务、侵害接受义务和狭义退避义务。侵害回避义务和侵害接受义务是对防卫权的否定,狭义退避义务则是对防卫权的限制。若不法侵害发生时具备获得公力救助的机会,寻求公力救助不会给被侵害者造成额外的行动负担且不会降低防卫效果的,鉴于国家暴力垄断原则对私人暴力的封锁,被侵害者就负有侵害回避义务。若不法侵害显著轻微,或者系由被侵害者违反自我维护义务而招致的,防卫权的事实前提或者归属前提没有得到满足,被侵害者就负有侵害接受义务。狭义退避义务的根据既不来自防卫的根据,亦不在于权利滥用,而是源于团结原则。在不完全答责者的不法侵害和部分涉及重大人身法益的防卫中,有作为团结义务的狭义退避义务的存在空间。The defender's duty to retreat is recognized on specific occasions in the theory and practice of criminal law.However,the explanation and argumentation of the type,basis,and application of this duty are insufficient.The duty to retreat in justifiable defense can be divided into the duty to avoid infringement,the duty to accept infringement,and the duty to retreat in a narrow sense.The duty to avoid infringement and the duty to accept infringement are the negation of the right of defense,while the duty to retreat in the narrow sense is a restriction on the right of defense.If there is an opportunity for a victim to obtain public assistance at the time of the occurrence of the unlawful infringement and seeking public assistance will not cause additional behavioral burden and thus reduce the effectiveness of defense,the victim has the duty to avoid the infringement given the blockade of private violence by the principle of state monopoly on violence.If an unlawful infringement is obviously minor or is caused by the victim's breach of the duty of self-preservation,the factual or attributive prerequisites of the right of defense are not met and the aggrieved party has a duty to accept the infringement.The narrow duty to retreat is based neither on defense nor on abuse of rights but on the principle of solidarity.In the case of unlawful infringement by a person who is not fully accountable and the defense of some of the major personal legal interests,there is room for the existence of the duty to retreat in the narrow sense as a solidarity duty.

关 键 词：正当防卫 防卫权 退避义务 团结义务 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]