中国农村劳动力转移的推拉力重构及其内在逻辑  

Reconstructing the Push and Pull Forces of China's Rural Labor Transfer and Its Internal Logic

作　　者：吴方卫 卢文秀[1,2] WU Fangwei;LU Wenxiu

机构地区：[1]上海财经大学财经研究所 [2]上海财经大学城乡发展研究院

出　　处：《中国农村观察》2024年第6期2-19,共18页China Rural Survey

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目“‘推-拉’力重构下中国农业转移劳动力空间再配置研究”(编号:72373089)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：提高劳动力配置效率,需要明晰劳动力转移的阶段性特征及其内在逻辑。本文基于推拉理论分析中国农村劳动力转移的推拉力演变过程及其内在逻辑。本文研究发现:中国农村劳动力转移经历从“生计型”就业到“发展型”就业的阶段转变,在此过程中,主要推拉力发生重构,从收入差距产生的城市拉力转变为地区间收支剩余差距缩小引致的回流拉力,农村劳动力过剩产生的推力作用消减,城市基本公共服务开放度低产生的推力作用增强。推拉力重构遵循两条逻辑线索:其一,随着区域发展战略经历“平衡发展—非均衡发展—协调发展”的演变,地区发展差距缩小,农村转移劳动力空间分布呈现“均匀分布—东部地区块状分布—东部地区块状分布与区域性中心城市点状分布并存”的变化特征;其二,随着农村转移劳动力需求层次的变迁,转移目标从“维系生计”转变为“追求发展”,转移原则也从“收入最大化”转向“全面发展”。相应地,转移方向从“大规模向东部地区集聚”转变为“就近就地转移增加”。本文研究显示,要继续从尊重客观规律、适时调整区域发展战略、顺应需求层次变迁、优化基本公共服务供给等方面促进劳动力自由流动,进而提升劳动力配置效率。To improve the efficiency of labor allocation,it is necessary to clarify the phase characteristics and inherent logic of labor transfer.This paper analyzes the evolution of the push and pull forces of China's rural labor transfer and its internal logic based on the Push and Pull Theory.The study finds that China's rural labor migration has gone through a phase transition from"livelihood-oriented"employment to"development-oriented"employment by the labor force.In this process,the primary pull and push forces have been reconstructed,from the urban pull force caused by the income gap to the return pull force caused by the narrowing of the surplus gap among regions,and from the reduction of the push force effect of rural labor surplus to the increase of the push force effect of low openness of urban basic public services.Further analysis shows that the push and pull forces reconstruction follows two logical threads.First,as the regional development strategy undergoes the evolution of"balanced development-unbalanced development-coordinated development',the regional development gap is narrowed,and the spatial distribution of rural migrant labor shows the changing characteristics of"uniform distribution-block distribution in easterm region-coexistence of block distribution in eastern region and point distribution in regional central cities.Second,with the change of the demand level of rural migrant labor,the goal of transfer has changed from"maintaining livelihoods"to"pursuing development',and the principle of transfer has also changed from"income maximization"to"all-round development".Correspondingly,the direction of transfer has shifted from"large-scale agglomeration to the east"to"increased local transfer to the nearest place"The study concludes that it is necessary to continue to promote the free movement of labor in terms of respecting objective laws,making timely adjustments to regional development strategies,responding to changes in the level of demand,and optimizing the supply of basic public services,thereby en

关 键 词：农村劳动力转移 推拉理论 区域发展战略 需求层次 

分 类 号：F304.6[经济管理—产业经济]