不当得利法的体系重构——兼论合同无效、撤销后的法律效果  

Reconstructing the Framework of Unjust Enrichment Law:A Discussion on the Legal Effects of Failed Contract

作　　者：许德风[1] Xu Defeng

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2024年第6期64-78,79-82,共19页Global Law Review

基　　金：2019度国家社会科学基金重点项目“不当得利法中的获益内容返还范围研究”(19AFX011)的研究成果。

摘　　要：对我国有重大影响的德国不当得利法并非完全总结于交易实践,而是法典化过程中人为创设的产物,是不同类型返还义务的集合而不具有体系性、整体性。从构成要件来看,“给付”概念内涵模糊,不能妥当处理多人关系不当得利,也不足以支撑起给付不当得利与非给付不当得利的区分。能够支撑起不当得利法独立性的,主要是不当得利法有关返还内容的规定及影响返还内容的得利丧失抗辩、强迫得利等制度。在解构传统不当得利法的基础上,应适应我国《民法典》的体系和实践需要,重构不当得利制度:将合同失败时给付不当得利制度理解为合同法的从属性规则,在确定返还义务的构成与范围时对自愿达成的合意予以关照;以给付不当得利及无因管理制度替代非给付不当得利中的求偿不当得利;独立对待多人关系不当得利并斟酌案件实际情况作出权衡判断;忽略“所有人—占有人”规则,或认为其与不当得利请求权构成竞合,允许当事人选择适用。The German law of unjust enrichment,which has significantly influenced Chinese law,is primarily a product of codification rather than an organic evolution from commercial practices or customary transactions.It essentially compiles various restitutionary obligations instead of establishing a unified and coherent set of general rules on unjust enrichment.A key issue within this framework is the vague definition of"performance"(Leistung),which does not adequately address complex multi-party unjust enrichment scenarios.This ambiguity further complicates the differentiation between performance-based unjust enrichment and nonperformance-based unjust enrichment.In bankruptcy proceedings,unjust enrichment claims arising before the commencement of the bankruptcy should not be automatically classified as unsecured claims.Instead,these claims should be given priority status when fairness considerations warrant it.This prioritization should be based on a balanced evaluation of the interests of the parties involved,taking into account the need for equitable treatment in the distribution of assets.The independence of unjust enrichment law relies on its detailed rules concerning restitution,including defenses such as change of position and cases involving involuntary or forced enrichment.Based on a critical reassessment of the traditional law of unjust enrichment,the legal framework should be reconstructed to align with the structure and practical needs of China's Civil Code.Specifically,performance-based unjust enrichment should be treated as a subsidiary rule under contract law.When determining the elements and scope of restitution obligations,the parties'voluntarily reached agreements should be taken into consideration to ensure that their intentions are respected.The doctrines of performance-based unjust enrichment and negotiorum gestio(the management of another's affairs without their authorization)should replace claims previously categorized as non-performance-based unjust enrichment related to unauthorized expenditures o

关 键 词：不当得利 得利丧失 物权性不当得利返还 多人关系不当得利 所有人—占有人规则 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]