“缠扰行为”刑法规制的域外实践和中国路径  

Foreign Practice of and Chinese Path to the Prohibition of Stalking by Criminal Law

作　　者：姜敏[1] Jiang Min

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2024年第6期168-184,共17页Global Law Review

基　　金：2021年度国家社会科学基金重点项目“全球视野下的刑事责任年龄制度研究”(21AFX011)的研究成果。

摘　　要：缠扰行为是严重侵犯公民安宁权的行为,域外各国均采取了包括刑法在内的法律手段规制缠扰行为。中国也已通过法律规制缠扰行为,但没有将其直接犯罪化,故而司法机关对于涉嫌犯罪的缠扰行为,只能适用现有相关罪名规制。但民法和行政法的规制效果不佳,相关罪名的适用又有违反罪刑法定原则之嫌,所以中国刑法应将具有刑事可罚性的缠扰行为犯罪化。立足于法律体系的现况、缠扰行为侵害法益的类型、具体罪之基本的构成要素和域外立法实践的经验,中国刑法犯罪化缠扰行为的路径应为:在宏观层面,应秉承行/民—刑双轨制的法律规制理念;在中观层面,应以其侵犯的公民安宁权确定缠扰罪在分则中的位置;在微观层面,主要是落实罪的构成要素设计、法定刑配置,把特殊情况下的缠扰罪设置为亲告罪以及附加必要的治疗处置等措施以保证缠扰罪的人道性。Stalking is a phenomenon that exists in all countries and can seriously vio-late a citizen's right to peace.Most countries have adopted legal measures to regulate stalking behaviors,and many countries and regions have even criminalized such behavior.China has al-so adopted laws to regulate stalking behaviors.However,the Chinese Criminal Law does not di-rectly criminalize stalking behaviors.In view of the dilemma faced by existing legal regulations and the serious infringement on citizens'rights to peace,Chinese criminal law should criminal-ize stalking behaviors.The necessity of criminalizing stalking behaviors only demonstrates the legitimacy of the purpose.The legislative path to criminalization of stalking behaviors should al-so be legitimate.Based on the current situation of the legal system,the types of infringement on legal interests by stalking behaviors,the basic elements of specific crimes,and related foreign legislative practices,the path to criminalizing stalking behaviors in Chinese criminal law should consist of countermeasures at the macro,meso,and micro levels.At the macro level,Chinese criminal law should adhere to the legal regulation concept of the dual administrative/civil-crimi-nal law track system,and criminalize stalking behaviors that are seriously invasive,cannot be effectively dealt with by preventing/protecting orders,or are carried out with the threat of vio-lence.At the meso level,the position of the crime of stalking in the specific provisions should be determined based on the citizen's right to peace it infringes upon.Therefore,it should be placed in the category of crimes that violate the personal rights of citizens.At the micro level,the main focus is on implementing the design of the constituent elements of the crime,the allo-cation of statutory penalties,and special disposal measures.The specific path is to set appropri-ate facts about a crime based on considerations of the type of the crime,qualified behaviors,and guilt,and to allocate proportional statutory penalties based on d

关 键 词：缠扰行为 公民安宁权 犯罪化 亲告罪 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学] D914[政治法律—法学] D922.14