商代早期国家文明的特质和生成道路  

Characteristics and Developmental Paths of State Civilization in the Early Shang Dynasty

作　　者：李雪山 Li Xuesha

机构地区：[1]河南师范大学历史文化学院,新乡453007

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2024年第11期184-203,208,共21页Social Sciences in China

摘　　要：以祖先崇拜为核心的礼乐活动催生了商代早期的国家文明,礼乐制度是商代早期国家文明的特质。随着礼乐在各个层面的普遍使用,商代进入中国早期国家的成型期。祭祀和战争是商代礼乐制度产生的直接来源,特别是以周祭为代表的祭祀制度以及用乐制度的逐渐成熟,证明商王朝在祭祀过程中形成了乐舞一体的国家礼乐体制。随着战争乐器的成套使用和推广,军事领域的礼乐仪式典型体现了国家意志。祭祀和战争将商代礼乐仪式固定化、程式化并推向国家礼制的高度,由此形成商代早期国家文明发展的独特道路。从夏商礼乐制度到周礼的一脉相承,可以揭示中华文明长盛不衰、历久弥新的文化基因密码。Ritual and musical activities centered on ancestor worship catalyzed the emergence of state civilization in the early Shang dynasty,with the ritual music system serving as its defining feature.As ritual music became widely employed across various societal levels,the Shang dynasty entered the formative stage of early Chinese statehood.Sacrificial ceremonies and warfare served as the primary sources of the Shang dynasty's ritual music system.In particular,the sacrificial system represented by Zhou rituals and the gradual maturation of musical systems demonstrated the establishment of a state ritual music framework that integrated music and dance into the Shang's sacrificial activities.With the comprehensive use and dissemination of musical instruments in warfare,ritual ceremonies in the military sphere typically embodied the will of the state.Sacrificial ceremonies and military practices solidified and formalized the ritual traditions of the Shang dynasty,elevating them into a comprehensive state ritual system.This process charted a distinctive developmental pathway for the Shang dynasty's early state civilization.The continuity from the Xia and Shang ritual music systems to Zhou rituals underscores the enduring vitality and ever-renewing cultural essence of Chinese civilization,offering insights into its long-standing resilience and cultural inheritance.

关 键 词：商代 早期国家 文明标准 礼乐制度 

分 类 号：K223[历史地理—历史学] K871.3[历史地理—中国史]