论我国涉外司法中国际条约的自治适用  

On the Autonomous Application of International Treaties in China’s Foreign-related Judiciary

作　　者：马志强[1] Ma Zhiqiang

机构地区：[1]郑州大学法学院,河南郑州450001

出　　处：《南开学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第6期134-144,共11页Journal of Nankai university Philosophy,Literature and Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目(17BFX153)。

摘　　要：批准与否是国际条约的两种效力状态;选择与排除是当事人意思自治的两种表现形态。除未批准条约当事人可合意排除适用的当然情形外,二者的结合在我国涉外司法实践中造就了已批准条约的合意适用、已批准条约的排除适用、未批准条约的合意适用三种需要检视的条约自治适用之形态。自2024年1月1日起施行的《最高人民法院关于审理涉外民商事案件适用国际条约和国际惯例若干问题的解释》虽对国际条约的国内适用作出了规定,但对于国际条约与意思自治的关联仍不明晰。实际操作中,已批准条约的合意适用存在实践与逻辑的背反;已批准条约的排除适用存在应然与例外的错置;未批准条约的合意适用则存在定性与抉择的不当。后《民法典》时代,应正确处理条约国内适用中的国家公意与当事人意思自治之间的应然秩序,以促二者之间的良性互动,在目前“立法空白”情势下,充分发挥最高人民法院的司法解释,尤其是指导案例与当事人意思自治的协同功效。然而,最完美的解题之道应是尽快制定相关立法,以彰条约自治适用之正当理据。Ratification or non-ratification represents two states of effectiveness for international treaties,while selection and exclusion are two forms of manifestation of party autonomy.Beyond the obvious scenario where parties may consensually exclude the application of unratified treaties,the combination of these factors in China’s foreign-related judicial practice has created three forms of autonomous treaty application that require examination:consensual application of ratified treaties,exclusion of ratified treaties,and consensual application of unratified treaties.The Interpretation by the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Regarding the Application of International Treaties and International Practices in Foreign-related Civil and Commercial Cases,which comes into effect on January 1,2024,outlines the domestic application of international treaties but remains unclear about the relationship between international treaties and party autonomy.In practice,the consensual application of ratified treaties faces contradictions between practical and logical aspects;the exclusion of ratified treaties encounters a misplacement of norms and exceptions;and the consensual application of unratified treaties suffers from improper qualification and choice.Following the release of the Civil Code,it is essential to appropriately manage the normative order between national public will and party autonomy in the domestic application of treaties,promoting a positive interaction between the two.In the current context of“legislative vacancy”,it is crucial to leverage the judicial interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court,particularly through guiding cases and the synergistic effects of party autonomy.However,the ideal solution would be to swiftly enact relevant legislation to substantiate the legitimate rationale for the autonomous application of treaties.

关 键 词：涉外司法 国际条约 意思自治 

分 类 号：D993.8[政治法律—国际法学] D926[政治法律—法学]