宽恕的私法阐释  

The Interpretation of Forgiveness in Civil Law

作　　者：张平华[1] 董媛媛 ZHANG Ping-hua;DONG Yuan-yuan

机构地区：[1]山东大学法学院

出　　处：《北方法学》2024年第6期50-66,共17页Northern Legal Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“民法典背景下损害赔偿规范体系的整合与完善”(19AFX012);山东大学法学院研究生科研创新项目“民法典中政策入法及其适用的类型化研究”(2022SDFXYYKB001)的成果。

摘　　要：作为自然人的情感事实,宽恕具有恢复情感关系、填补精神损害等法律功能。宽恕是指表意人对实施侵权、违约等违反法律或公序良俗的行为人表示谅解,使行为人应丧失而不丧失某种权利。《民法典》明定的宽恕仅继承人宽恕一例,此外宽恕还存在于和解之中,显现于离婚纠纷、劳动争议,遗赠和赠与中也有类推宽恕之余地。宽恕的性质属准法律行为,准用法律行为的部分效力规则和解释规则。以法律行为的构成为准据,可建立宽恕的一般构成要件。继承关系中的宽恕产生不丧失继承权或受遗赠权的效力,和解中宽恕表示的瑕疵影响和解协议效力,离婚者的宽恕发生不准予离婚、减轻第三者侵权责任的效力,宽恕在赠与和劳动合同关系中实质发生权利消灭之后果。As an emotional fact of a natural person, forgiveness has a legal function such as restoring emotional relations and filling mental damage. Forgiveness refers to the act of expressing understanding for the perpetrator of a tort, breach of contract, or other violation of law or public order and morals,so that the perpetrator should lose, but not lose, a certain right. The Civil Code only provides for one type of forgiveness, which is the forgiveness of the heir. Forgiveness is also included in reconciliation,manifested in divorce disputes, labor contract disputes, and there is also room for analogical application forgiveness in bequests and gifts. The nature of forgiveness belongs to quasi legal acts, and the partial effectiveness rules and interpretation rules of legal acts shall apply. Based on the composition of legal acts,general elements of forgiveness can be established. Forgiveness in inheritance relationships has the effect of not losing inheritance rights. Defects expressed in forgiveness during settlement affect the effectiveness of the settlement agreement. Forgiveness by divorcees has the effect of not allowing divorce and reducing third-party liability for infringement. Forgiveness actually results in the elimination of rights in gift and labor contract relationships.

关 键 词：宽恕 宽恕样态 宽恕性质 宽恕构成 宽恕效力 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]