“五四宪法”中的迁徙自由——兼议新中国立法过程中首次合宪性审查  

Freedom of Residence and Movement in the 1954 Constitution

作　　者：赖伟能 LAI Weineng

机构地区：[1]中国人民公安大学法学院

出　　处：《中国政法大学学报》2024年第6期165-178,共14页Journal Of CUPL

基　　金：研究阐释党的二十大精神国家社科基金重大项目“国家治理现代化背景下保证宪法全面实施制度体系研究”(批准号:23ZDA074)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：1954年宪法以中国共产党的宪法观为基础,确立了公民的迁徙自由。但“五四宪法”制定后没有得到良好的实施,农业人口大量流向城市和紧迫的社会主义工业化改造任务对于新生政权而言是严峻的治理能力考验,通过户籍的治理和通过刚性手段来实现对人口流动的计划性控制,导致宪法上的迁徙自由被严格限制。1958年《户口登记条例》的制定和施行加剧了对公民迁徙的限制并使之法律化,《户口登记条例》草案说明对限制性规定作出了立法目的解释和合宪性审查。然而,迁徙自由作为一项包含社会经济利益的综合性权利,以《户口登记条例》建构的二元身份划分为基础的户籍政策体系才是限制迁徙自由和调控人口流动的关键。加强对户籍政策的备案审查,逐步剥离户口之上附着的资源和权益配置,是城镇化进程中稳步推进迁徙自由实现的法治进路。The 1954 Constitution,based on the Communist Party of China(CPC)'s constitutional perspective,defined the freedom of movement as a right for Chinese citizens.However,after the promulgation of the 1954 Constitution,its implementation proved to be far from satisfactory.The massive influx of agricultural population into urban areas,as well as the urgent tasks of socialist industrialization,posed severe challenges to the governance capacity of the nascent political power.Consequently,governance through the household registration system(hukou)and rigid means to achieve planned control over population mobility led to a strict restriction on the constitutional freedom of movement.The enactment and implementation of the 1958 Household Registration Regulation intensified restrictions on citizens'freedom of movement and formalized these limitations through legal means.The draft explanation of the Household Registration Regulation provided a legislative purpose justification for the restrictive provisions and conducted a constitutional review.Household registration policies across different regions in China are key factors restricting the freedom of movement.Strengthening the filing review of these policies and gradually disentangling the allocation of resources and rights attached to the household registration system constitute a legal approach to steadily advancing the realization of freedom of movement within the urbanization process.

关 键 词：户口登记条例 人口迁移 户籍制度 基本权利限制 合宪性审查 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]