在历史源流中追寻“五四宪法”政体的“本”与“变”  

Tracing the Origin and Changes of the Political System of the 1954 Constitution in the Historical Process

作　　者：李一达 LI Yida

机构地区：[1]国际关系学院法学院

出　　处：《中国政法大学学报》2024年第6期179-194,共16页Journal Of CUPL

基　　金：研究阐释党的二十大精神国家社科基金重大项目“国家治理现代化背景下保证宪法全面实施制度体系研究”(批准号:23ZDA074)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“五四宪法”的政体设计具有明显的中国特色,在制宪过程中也曾引发诸多关注。这种制度特色并非此次制宪所首创,而是与1949年《共同纲领》和《政府组织法》开辟的新中国宪法体制一脉相承,而其源流更可以追溯到中国共产党在华北人民政府时期的建政探索,乃至由革命与战争塑造而来的中共战时体制。学界通常认为,自《共同纲领》开始,以苏联为代表的议行合一模式被正式引入我国宪法体制,其典型表现是仿效苏联最高苏维埃,以作为其它国家机构之授权机构的中央人民政府委员会取代了与其它国家机构分割权力、形成制衡的议会。但实际上,新中国的国家机构在权力配置方面有着自己的创造,即在吸取苏联“委员会”模式的同时,又在委员会中叠加了独特的小组合议-决策机制,这一机制直接来自执政党在战时的探索与实践,并在我国建立初期的国家根本法中表述为由主席领导最高国务、副主席配合其工作的主席制度。以主席制统领议行合一体制构成了这一时期我国宪制的重要特征,而由它演化出的国家主席制度也被认为是“五四宪法”在政体层面的独到设计。经由此后的历次修宪,该制度已逐渐成为中国特色社会主义宪治不可或缺的基本要素之一。The regime design of the 1954 Constitution,distinguished by its unique Chinese characteristics,garnered considerable attention throughout its drafting process.This institutional originality did not solely emerge from this constitutional endeavor but rather represents a continuation of the constitutional framework established by the Common Program of the People's Republic of China and the Government Organization Law of 1949.Its roots can be traced back further to the Communist Party of China's(CPC)political experiments during the era of the North China People's Government and even to the CPc's wartime system,which was shaped amidst revolution and warfare.Scholars generally believe that,following the Common Program,China formally adopted the Sovietstyle parliamentary-executive integration model into its constitutional system.An illustrative example is the emulation of the Soviet Supreme Soviet,where the Central People's Government Committee,acting as an authorizing body for other state institutions,replaced the traditional parliament model of power distribution,which aimed at checks and balances.However,in practice,China's state institutions exhibit their own innovations in power allocation.While adopting the Soviet“committee”model,China's state institutions also incorporated a distinctive smallgroup collegiate decision-making mechanism within the committee.This mechanism directly originated from the ruling party's wartime exploration and practice and was manifested in China's fundamental laws established in the early days,which was a leadership structure led by the Chairman,with Vice Chairmen assisting in his work.The chairman system guiding the parliamentary-executive integration system constituted an important feature of China's constitutional system during this period,and the state chairman system evolved from it is also recognized as the unique design of the Constitution of 1954.Through subsequent constitutional amendments,this system has gradually become one of the indispensable fundamental components of

关 键 词：五四宪法 政体 华北人民政府 战时体制 国家主席 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]