第三人行使抵销权规则在债权执行中的适用与排除  

Application and Exclusion of the Rules of the Third-Party’s Offset Rights in the Enforcement of Creditor’s Rights

作　　者：熊诗岚 程立 XIONG Shilan;CHENG Li

机构地区：[1]北京市高级人民法院 [2]北京市大兴区人民法院审管办(研究室)

出　　处：《经贸法律评论》2024年第6期1-14,共14页Business and Economic Law Review

摘　　要：法院查封被执行人对第三人的债权后,第三人以对被执行人亦享有债权为由主张抵销的,法院应否准许?问题的实质在于查封债权人的查封权益与第三人的抵销权益之冲突。目前实务中的裁判分歧尚缺乏对冲突背后利益关系的理性衡量。对此,应在“尊重非执行法”规则下考察涉查封利益不同立法模式下上述两种利益何者应予优先保护:在现行“混合主义”模式下,利益衡量应考虑债权平等价值与促进资金融通价值之间的竞争;未来可能采取的“优先主义”模式下,则须重点考虑查封债权人的程序性信赖利益。上述两种模式下均应准许第三人合法行使抵销权,但应设置准许抵销的具体情形以防权利滥用,即参照债权让与场合下债务人抵销权行使的规则,区分独立抵销和关联抵销,并分置对应情形。就正当程序保障而言,对第三人在履行通知指定期限届满后主张的抵销之审查,目前实践中参照债务人异议处理,但现行制度框架下参照案外人异议为更优方案。After the court seizes the creditor’s rights of the person subject to enforcement against a third party,should the court permit it if the third party claims offset on the grounds that he or she also has creditor’s rights against the person subject to enforcement?The essence of the problem lies in the conflict between the seizure rights of the applicant for enforcement and the third party’s offset rights.At present,the judicial practice still lacks a rational measurement of the interests behind the conflict.In this regard,under the rule of“respecting non-enforcement law”,we should examine which of the above two interests should be given protection as a priority under different legislative models involving seizure interests:under the current“hybridism”model,the competition between the value of equality of creditor’s rights and the value of promoting financing leasing should be considered;under the possible“prioritism”model in the future,it is necessary to focus on considering the procedural reliance interests of the applicant for enforcement.Under both of the above two models,the third party should be permitted to legally exercise the right of offset,but specific circumstances for permitting offset should be set to prevent abuse of rights.In terms of due process protection,for the review of the offset claimed by the third party after the expiration of the designated period in the notice of performance,it is a better solution to refer to the outer party dissidence.

关 键 词：抵销权 查封权益 尊重非执行法 主动债权 被动债权 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]