《海商法》修订航次租船合同位置之争的三个基本问题  

Three Basic Issues of the Disputes over the Position Arrangement of Voyage Charters in the Revision of Chinese Maritime Code

作　　者：孙思琪[1,2] SUN Siqi

机构地区：[1]上海海事大学法学院 [2]华东政法大学

出　　处：《经贸法律评论》2024年第6期47-63,共17页Business and Economic Law Review

摘　　要：航次租船合同是否符合《海商法》第41条关于海上货物运输合同的定义,以及是否具有海上货物运输合同的性质,均并不必然决定立法上的位置安排。现行法产生争议的主要原因,应是对于件杂货运输合同采用了“海上货物运输合同”作为名称,而各界以往对此关注较少。比较法上普遍规定航次租船合同准用件杂货运输合同的部分规则,若背离此种趋势则需要经过充分的论证后给出理由。我国海商法学界对于准用立法技术知之甚少。航次租船合同的立法位置是否调整,主要判断标准应是如果继续维持现有的立法体例,是否会造成通过其他途径无法填补的重大错误。目前学理上主张可能造成的问题,实则均与立法的位置安排无关,而多是由于设置准用性规定时产生的立法技术偏差,甚或是由理论上的误解或分歧导致。航次租船合同规定在《海商法》第四章并非必然将会限制合同自由。目前尚无充分的理由调整航次租船合同的立法位置。建议《海商法》修改时重点围绕第94条完善准用性规定的立法技术。Whether the voyage charter is in accordance with Article 41 of Chinese Maritime Code on the definition of the contract of carriage of goods by sea,and whether it has the nature of the contract of carriage of goods by sea,it cannot determine the position arrangement of legislation.The main cause of the disputes over the location arrangement is that“contract of carriage of goods by sea”should not be used as the name of the contract of carriage of general cargoes by sea.Most major jurisdictions stipulate that some of the legal rules of the contracts of carriage of general cargoes by sea should apply mutatis mutandis to the voyage charters.The reason for departure from this trend must be given after sufficient demonstration.The main criterion for judging whether the position arrangement of legislation should be adjusted is that if maintains the current position arrangement,it will cause major errors that cannot be filled through other ways.The problems raised in some views have nothing to do with the position arrangement of legislation,but mostly due to the legislative technique of mutatis mutandis,or even the theoretical misunderstandings or theoretical differences.Stipulating the voyage charter in Chapter IV of Chinese Maritime Code will not necessarily limit the freedom of contract.There is currently no reason to adjust the position arrangement of legislation of the voyage charter.It is recommended that the revision of Chinese Maritime Code should focus on Article 94 to improve the legislative technique of mutatis mutandis.

关 键 词：航次租船合同 海商法修订 位置安排 海上货物运输合同 件杂货运输合同 准用性规定 

分 类 号：D923.993[政治法律—民商法学]