作为特殊社会技术的法律  

The Law as a Specifc Social Technique

作　　者： 贾燕妮(译) 马驰(校)[1] Hans Kelsen;Jia Yanni

机构地区：[1]天津商业大学法学院

出　　处：《荆楚法学》2024年第5期150-160,共11页Jingchu Law Review

摘　　要：社会秩序凭借直接动机或间接动机引导人做出其所期待的行为。间接动机技术以奖惩原则为核心,即遵守秩序有奖、违反秩序受罚。法律是典型的强制秩序,它通过强制措施剥夺了个体使用武力的权利,并将这种权利转移给了社会共同体。不论在任何社会阶段,人类社会都离不开作为强制性秩序的法律。法律技术不断地演进变化,法律技术动态关系的分化表现为从由习惯形成一般规范演变为由专门的立法机关创制法律,从自力救济转变为由法院将一般规范适用于具体案件以得出个案规范。法律技术静态关系的分化表现为从民刑不分到民刑分离、从集体责任到个体责任、从绝对责任到过错责任的转变。集中化是法律技术演变中的另一个重要特征。就国际法而言,集中化或许预示着未来人类的法律组织可能朝着世界国家的概念发展。The social order guides people towards their desired behavior by means of either direct or indirect motivation. Indirect motivation techniques are centered on the principle of reward and punishment, whereby compliance with the order is rewarded and violation of the order is punished. Law is the quintessential coercive order, depriving individuals of the right to use force through coercive measures and transferring that right to the social community. Regardless of any social stage, human society cannot do without law as a coercive order. Legal technology is constantly evolving and changing, and the differentiation of the dynamic relationship of legal technology is manifested in the evolution from the formation of general norms by custom to the creation of laws by specialized legislative bodies, and from self-help to the application of general norms to specific cases by courts to arrive at case-by-case norms. The differentiation of static relations in legal technology is manifested in the shift from civil and criminal indivisibility to civil and criminal separation, from collective to individual responsibility, and from absolute to fault-based responsibility. Centralization is another important feature in the evolution of legal technology. As far as international law is concerned, centralization may be a harbinger of a future in which the legal organization of mankind may evolve towards the concept of the world state.

关 键 词：制裁 强制秩序 法律动态学 法律静态学 集中化 

分 类 号：D90[政治法律—法学理论]