“白的危机”与美国种族主义回潮  

On"Crisis of Whiteness"and the Resurgence of American Racism

作　　者：潘亚玲 Pan Yaling

机构地区：[1]云南大学国际关系研究院 [2]复旦大学美国研究中心

出　　处：《东方学刊》2024年第3期35-52,129,共19页Dongfang Journal

摘　　要：长期以来,美国白人被视作不证自明、无需“自我”概念的身份,进而享有早已制度化和系统化的种族特权。当前宪政危机所展示的美国种族主义回潮,根本上源于作为整体的白人所面临的三重危机,也即“白的危机”:一是随着美国种族多样性持续增强,白人的相对和绝对多数地位面临动摇的人口危机,白人日益成为“少数中的多数”,需要建构自身的族裔身份以维持内部团结;二是随着去工业化逐渐向全美蔓延,白人日益面临因经济地位下降而来的经济危机,却常被归因于近乎同步的民权运动;三是政治正确规范使显性和个体性种族主义不再合乎时宜,这对白人至上主义者而言意味着一种“规范危机”,但这在很大程度上已为政治极化及特朗普总统的政治操弄所化解,为白人至上主义议程主流化创造了条件。人口、经济与规范三重危机的叠加,意味着美国种族主义回潮的长期化。In the U.S.,the White has been seeing as a self-evident identity without an independent"self"concept,and thus enjoying systematic and institutionalized racial privileges.The resurgence of American racism evidenced by current constitutional crisis is fundamentally rooted in a triple crisis faced by white people as a whole,namely the"crisis of whiteness":First of all,with the growth of racial diversity,the white are facing an demographic crisis caused by losing of relative and absolute majority and moving to a"majority of the minority"status,and need to construct white ethnic identity for in-group solidarity;secondly,with the spread of deindustrialization,white people are facing a privilege crisis caused by the decline of economic status that was largely attributed to the nearly synchronous civil rights movement;thirdly,the political correctness norm makes explicit racism and individual racism obsolete,which represents a normative crisis for the white supremacist,but has been solved by political polarization and President Donald Trump's manipulation,creating rooms for mainstream of the white supremacist agenda.The combination of demographic,privilege,and normative crises means that the resurgence of American racism will be a long-term development.

关 键 词：美国种族主义 人口危机 经济危机 规范危机 

分 类 号：D771.2[政治法律—政治学] C924.712[政治法律—中外政治制度] D066[社会学—人口学]