实验进化研究途径  

The experimental evolution approach

作　　者：陈楠 张全国[1] Nan Chen;Quan-Guo Zhang(Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学生物多样性与生态工程教育部重点实验室,北京100875

出　　处：《生物多样性》2024年第9期148-166,共19页Biodiversity Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(32371687)。

摘　　要：追踪生物种群在实验室条件下发生的进化,这种研究途径称为实验进化。不同于大多数“回溯式”的进化研究,实验进化是一种“前瞻式”的研究途径。这种方法的使用可以追溯到达尔文时代。最近几十年来这一研究手段被用于对现代进化综合理论的若干关键假说进行检验。实验进化的研究材料可以是真实生物种群,也可以是数字生命形式;使用真实生物开展的进化实验可以在实验室或野外环境中进行。微生物具有生长繁殖快、易保存等特征,成为实验进化的主要研究对象。微生物实验进化已经被用于研究包括适应性进化的动态、种群分化规律、种间协同进化模式甚至多细胞生命形式的起源等问题。同时在解决进化的确定性和偶然性、预测全球变化背景下的进化过程等方面有明显的优势。实验进化这一研究方法也有一定的局限性,特别是其无法完全模拟自然界中的种群及其进化环境。但该方法在未来的科学研究、工业生产和课堂教学中将扮演越来越重要的角色。Background:Experimental evolution is the study of evolutionary processes and consequences in experimental populations under conditions controlled by investigators.Experimental evolution is a prospective research approach,in contrast to the majority of studies in evolutionary biology that are retrospective.Given the advantages of experimental evolution,a growing number of evolutionary biologists have used this research tool to test critical hypotheses associated with the modern evolutionary synthesis.Subjects&Field:Subjects of experimental evolution could be real or virtual organisms;and evolution experiments with real organisms can be carried out in laboratory or in the field.Microorganisms are often used as materials in experimental evolution studies because of their rapid growth and reproduction,and the ease of preservation.Experimental microbial evolution has been used to study topics including the dynamics of adaptive evolution,patterns of population differentiation and species coevolution,and even the origin of multicellularity.It also has obvious advantages in addressing the roles of contingency and determinism in evolution and predicting evolutionary processes under global change.Conclusion:The experimental evolution approach has been used more widely in recent years,though its limitations do exist.This method will play an increasingly important role in research,industry,and education in future.

关 键 词：进化生物学 微生物 假说检验 适合度景观 生态代谢理论 抗药性代价 全球变化 对抗性种间关系 

分 类 号：Q-33[生物学]