论学校体育伤害中未成年人年龄因素与校方注意义务之关系——基于241份司法裁判文书的实证分析  

Research on the Relationship between Age of Minors and School's Duty of Care in School Physical Injuries——An Empirical Analysis Based on 241 Judicial Documents

作　　者：熊瑛子[1] 马雪莹 XIONG Yingzi;MA Xueying(Physical Education and Sports School of Soochow University,Suzhou Jiangsu 215021;Suzhou Fengqiao Central Primary School,Suzhou Jiangsu 215011)

机构地区：[1]苏州大学体育学院,江苏苏州215021 [2]苏州市枫桥中心小学,江苏苏州215011

出　　处：《成都体育学院学报》2024年第6期55-61,共7页Journal of Chengdu Sport University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“中国体育仲裁制度的生成困境与路径选择研究”(20CTY010)。

摘　　要：未成年人学校体育伤害案件中,学生年龄对校方注意义务的认定起到至关重要的作用。然而,目前的司法实践对学校“教育、管理和保护”义务认知较为笼统,校方承担责任的比例各异,不利于维护学生及其监护人的基本权益,亦不利于提升校方组织体育活动的热情。本研究基于241份司法裁判文书得出以下结论:校方注意义务可分为事前安全教育、事中监管和事后救助3个方面。在事前和事后阶段,学生年龄与校方注意义务的关联度不大;而在事中监管方面,学生年龄与校方注意义务呈负相关规律。在今后的司法实践中,法官对校方责任的认定应当严格遵照学生年龄及其所具备的民事行为能力、危险预知能力和控制能力开展,校方对限制民事行为能力人的注意义务还应继续细化为3个年龄阶段:9至12周岁、13至15周岁和16至17周岁。In school sports injury cases,the age of students plays a vital role in the identification of school's duty of care.However,the current judicial practice has a misunderstanding of school's obligations of"education,management and protection",which is not conducive to safeguarding the basic rights and interests of students and their guardians,nor to improving school's enthusiasm for organizing campus sports activities.The study,based on 241 judgments,concludes that school's duty of care can be divided into three aspects:precautionary safety education,in-process supervision and post-injury treatment.In both the precautionary safety education and the post-injury treatment stages,there is basically no connection between students'age and school's duty of care,while in the in-process supervision stage,there is a negative correlation between students'age and school's duty of care.In the future judicial practice,judge's determination of school's liability should be carried out in strict accordance with civil conduct capacity,civil conduct capacity to predict danger and control capacity.For people with limited civil conduct capacity,school's duty of care should be subdivided into three age stages-9 to 12 years old,13 to 15 years old and 16 to 17 years old.

关 键 词：年龄 注意义务 学校体育伤害 校方责任 民事行为能力 

分 类 号：G80-05[文化科学—运动人体科学]