人工智能服务提供者侵权责任要件的类型构造——以风险区分为视角  

Typological Construction of Elements for Tort Liability by Artificial Intelligence Service Providers:From the Perspective of Risk Differentiation

作　　者：胡巧莉 Hu Qiaoli

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《比较法研究》2024年第6期57-71,共15页Journal of Comparative Law

基　　金：中国法学会民法学研究会2023年青年学者研究项目“类型区分视角下人工智能侵权责任成立要件研究”(项目编号:2023MFXH012)的研究成果。

摘　　要：人工智能依其对民事权益的影响程度,可分为禁用型人工智能、高风险人工智能和低风险人工智能。为平衡技术创新与风险预防之间的关系,宜通过要件的动态化配置来实现对不同风险层级的人工智能侵权的区分评价。在禁用型人工智能侵权场合,服务提供者因创设了“不被容许的危险”而应承担无过错责任,该类人工智能的实质性风险亦可构成损害。在高风险人工智能侵权场合,违反“危险源控制型”注意义务的服务提供者应被推定有过错,除非其证明被侵权人存在故意诱导型介入行为等反驳事由。在低风险人工智能侵权场合,服务提供者仅需承担一般过错责任,相应的注意标准亦低于高风险人工智能侵权的情形,且因其负担的预先审查义务属于事前注意义务的范畴,故其不能依据“避风港原则”免责。由于人工智能具有算法复杂性,三种场合下的因果关系证明均应采纳“关联性”标准,除非服务提供者证明其行为与损害之间不存在因果关系。Based on the impact of AI on civil rights and interests,it can be classified into prohibited AI,high-risk AI and low-risk AI.To strike a balance between technological innovation and risk mitigation,it is crucial to assess Al infringement differently based on varying risk levels through a dynamic evaluation framework.In the case of prohibited AI violations,service providers shall bear no-fault liability for creating"unacceptable risks,"as the substantial risk posed by such AI can constitute damage.In instances of high-risk AI breaches,service providers are presumed negligent for failing to exercise due care in"controlling potential risks,"unless they can prove the affected party engaged in deliberate interference or offer other defenses.In cases of low-risk Al infractions,service providers are only liable for negligent torts,with a lower standard of care compared to high-risk AI scenarios.As the duty of pre-screening falls under the duty of care,service providers cannot be exempted from liability using the"safe harbour principle."Given the intricate nature of AI algorithms,establishing a causal link in all cases follows a"connection"standard,unless the service provider can demonstrate no link between their actions and the harm incurred.

关 键 词：人工智能服务提供者 风险区分 归责标准 因果关系 注意义务 

分 类 号：TP18[自动化与计算机技术—控制理论与控制工程] D922.17[自动化与计算机技术—控制科学与工程] D922.16[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]