破解“自身持存”悖论的三重方案——从康德、黑格尔到马克思  

A Threefold Solution to the Paradox of Self-Preservation:From Kant,Hegel to Marx

作　　者：王时中 樊悦阳 WANG Shizhong;FAN Yueyang(Faculty of Philosophy,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361005,China;School of Philosophy,Nankai University,Tianjin 300071,China)

机构地区：[1]厦门大学哲学系,福建厦门361005 [2]南开大学哲学院,天津300071

出　　处：《烟台大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第6期80-90,共11页Journal of Yantai University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition)

摘　　要：“自身持存”悖论指主体在维持自身的活动中反而导致主体性的丧失,进而产生了“主体—客体”“知性—理性”“抽象—具体”的对立。与斯宾诺莎和霍布斯等从“对象关系”出发将“自身持存”结构理解为主体以“力量原则”占有外部世界的思路不同,康德与黑格尔试图通过理性的“元批判”,以纯粹“自身关系”重构“自身持存”的内容,希望破解这些对立形式。马克思基于“对象性活动”原则对康德和黑格尔的批判进行了“再批判”,并以“哲学人类学”的方案综合“对象关系”与“自身关系”,试图跳出哲学内部论证“自身持存”的循环结构。从“自身持存”悖论的三重破解方案出发,重构马克思对康德、黑格尔的批判,不仅可以证成马克思社会研究方法的科学性,而且还可能将其推进到当代社会哲学方法论的研究中,显示马克思社会研究方法的独特价值。The paradox of“self-preservation”refers to the situation where the subject’s activity of sustaining itself paradoxically leads to the dissolution of subjectivity,resulting in the oppositions of“knowledge-rationality”,“subject-object”,and“abstraction-concrete”.Unlike Spinoza and Hobbes,who approached the structure of“self-preservation”from an“object relation”perspective as the subject’s principle of“power”to possess the external world,Kant and Hegel attempted to reconstruct the content of“self-preservation”through a process of pure“self-relation”by the“meta-critique”of reason to resolve these oppositions.Marx,building on the principle of“objective activity”,offered a“re-critique”of Kant and Hegel’s critiques and proposed a program of“philosophical anthropology”to integrate“object relations”with“self-relations”,aiming to escape the circular structure of philosophical internal argumentation regarding“self-preservation”.By examining the threefold solution to the paradox of“self-preservation”,the reconstruction of Marx’s critique of Kant and Hegel not only substantiates the scientific nature of Marx’s method of social research but also potentially advances it into the study of contemporary social philosophy methodologies,highlighting the unique value of Marx’s approach to social research.

关 键 词：“自身持存” 主体 理性 对象性活动 马克思 

分 类 号：B0-0[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]