反思“基于宪法的解释”概念  

Rethinking the Concept of Interpretation Based on the Constitution

作　　者：刘亦艾 林来梵[1,2] LIU Yiai;LIN Laifan

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院 [2]清华大学国家治理研究院

出　　处：《苏州大学学报（法学版）》2024年第4期14-26,共13页Journal of Soochow University：Law Edition

基　　金：清华大学自主科研计划课题“中国宪法学自主知识体系的具体建构”(项目编号:2024THZWJC02)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：当前学界多数观点认为,依据宪法解释法律包含“符合宪法的解释”和“基于宪法的解释”两种不同原理。支持该观点的一种理由着眼于解释的性质,认为基于宪法的解释在性质上属于普通司法,而符合宪法的解释则属于合宪性审查。另一种理由着眼于解释的规则,认为基于宪法的解释运用的是单纯解释规则,符合宪法的解释运用的则是保全规则。但从理论上分析,这两种理由均难以成立。基于宪法的解释由于无法提供不同于符合宪法的解释之法律解释理由,所以最多只可能作为符合宪法的解释的下位类型存在:有可能是指“最符合宪法的解释”,也有可能是指“符合特定宪法规范的解释”。其中,前者无法成立,“选择最合宪解释”至多只会是裁判理论的要求,不是宪法的要求,因而不属于依宪释法。后者较有可能成立,尤其当法律解释依据的是直接调整人们行动的宪法规范时,“符合宪法”指的不再是通常所理解的“符合宪法的授权范围”,而是“符合宪法自身的结论”。然而,是否存在这类宪法规范本身有争议,所以这种“基于宪法的解释”概念是否真的成立仍有待商榷。The prevail view among Chinese constitutional law scholars is that interpreting the law according to the constitution involves with two different principles,namely,“interpretation consistent with the constitution”and“interpretation based on the constitution”.One argument in favor of this view focuses on the nature of the interpretation,arguing that interpretation based on the constitution is in the nature of ordinary justice,while interpretation consistent with the constitution is in the nature of constitutional review.The other argument focuses on the rule of interpretation,arguing that interpretation based on the constitution applies the rule of mere interpretation,while interpretation consistent with the constitution applies the rule of preservation.However,from a theoretical perception,both reasons are difficult to be justified.An interpretation based on the constitution cannot provide grounds for legal interpretation that are different from those of an interpretation consistent with the constitution,and can therefore only serve as a subordinate type of interpretation consistent with the constitution:it may mean“the most consistent interpretation of the constitution”or“the interpretation that consistent with a particular constitutional norm”.Of these,the former is untenable.The choice of the“the most consistent interpretation of the constitution”is a requirement of an adjudicative theory,not from the binding force of the constitution,and therefore does not belong to the interpretation of the law according to the constitution;the latter idea is indeed possible to be justified.When the interpretation of the law on the basis of constitutional norms that directly regulate the actions of the people,“consistent with the constitution”is no longer the commonly considered“consistent with the scope of the constitutional authorization”,but“consistent with the given conclusions of the constitutional interpretation”.However,since the existence of such constitutional norms is disputed,it is

关 键 词：宪法解释 合宪性解释 合宪性审查 法律解释 宪法和部门法 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]