合同履行抗辩权的理论争议:一个证明责任的视角  

The Burden of Proof on the Right to Performance Defense

作　　者：吴泽勇 WU Zeyong

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学凯原法学院

出　　处：《苏州大学学报（法学版）》2024年第4期53-64,共12页Journal of Soochow University：Law Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“我国民法评注编纂重大问题研究”(项目编号:22&ZD205)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：基于履行顺序约定的类型化分析可知,此类约定对于合同履行抗辩权的成立通常没有影响。将履行顺序约定作为合同履行抗辩权的权利成立要件,使得两类本质上相同的履行抗辩权互相排斥,才会导致极不合理的实务后果。因此,履行顺序约定不宜作为合同履行抗辩权的权利成立要件。但为了填补非固有先给付义务人主张履行抗辩权时的法律漏洞,不妨将履行顺序约定视为履行抗辩权的权利妨碍要件,即负有先给付义务且未履行的当事人,不得主张履行抗辩权。此外,就其性质而言,对待给付履行不应作为合同履行抗辩权的权利妨碍要件,而应作为其权利消灭规范的构成要件。上述认识,一方面可为先履行抗辩权的存废之争提供新的视角,另一方面,也可为履行抗辩权的证据调查提供较为清晰的实务指引。Based on the typological analysis of the agreement on the order of performance,it can be concluded that such agreement usually have no impact on the establishment of the right of defense of contract performance.Furthermore,regarding the agreement on the order of performance as an fundamental element of the right of defense of contract performance results in mutual exclusion of two essentially identical types of defense rights,which will lead to extremely unreasonable practical consequences.Therefore,these agreements should not be regarded as fundamental element of the right of defense of contract performance.However,in order to fill the legal loophole in the claim of the defense of performance by non-fixed first payment obligors,it may be appropriate to regard the agreement on the order of performance as an obstacle element to the defense of performance.Therefore,the party who has first-payment obligation but have not performed could not claim the defense of performance.In addition,the defendant's performance of his contractual obligations should not be regarded as an obstacle element to the defense of contract performance,but a constituent element of the norm of the right elimination.On the one hand,the above understanding can provide a new perspective for the debate on the preservation or abolition of the defense of first-performance,and on the other hand,it can also provide clear and stable practical guidance for the evidence investigation of the defense of performance.

关 键 词：同时履行抗辩权 先履行抗辩权 履行顺序 构成要件 证明责任 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D925.1[政治法律—法学]